高麗末~朝鮮前期 球形浮屠 硏究

Abstract

A stupa refers to a stone structure built to hold the remains sarira(or bones)of a prominent Buddhist priest. In Korea, since the late United Shilla era when Zen Buddhism was popular, the stupa with an eight-sided pedestal was continuously built, becoming the most dominant style of the time. However,from the late Goryeo to the early Joseon era the spherical-shaped stupa, a new style, enjoyed great popularity. The spherical-shaped stupa was characterized by the round body and narrow roof-stone. Prime examples include Samdaehwasang stupas of Hoeamsa(Jigong-Naong-Muhak), Sujongsa stupa and stupas at Bokcheonam of Beopjusa. In addition to these examples, lots of spherical-shaped stupas have been found, proving the spherical-shaped stupa once was a very popular style. The period from the late Goryeo to the early Joseon era when sphericalshaped stupas were dominantly built can be divided into three periods according to the style of the spherical-shaped stupa. The first period was the late Goryeo era when the spherical-shaped stupa newly appeared. During this period, though the Goryeo Kingdom was unstable and exposed lots of problems, Buddhist believers were bound together by the religion behind Naong and his disciples. The representative stupas of this period include stupa for Priest Jigong and stupa for Priest Naong at Hoeamsa and stupa for Priest Wonjeung at Taegosa. This period is reflection of the impact of India stupa. The second period refers to the years in which the first four kings of Joseon,including King Taejo and Sejong, ruled the nation. Stupas in this period were mostly constructed for Buddhist priests who had worked for the establishment or prosperity of Joseon Kingdom. Prime examples include stupa for Priest Bogak at Cheongryongsa, stupa for Priest Muhak at Hoeamsa, stupa for Priest Gihwa at Hyeondeungsa and stupa for Princess Jeongui at Sujongsa. This period is partially reflects the characteristics of the stupa with eight-sided pedestal, the Joseon Kingdom in the splendid decorative patterns were added to the relevant. The third period refers to the years after King Sejo. During this period, stupas were built in and around the site where Bokcheonam of Beopjusa was located. They were bigger but simpler with no striking ornaments. The popularity of the spherical-shaped stupa from the late Goryeo and to the early Joseon era can be explained as follows. To begin with, the shape of the spherical-shaped stupa retained the original shape of the Indian stupa. Indian stupas and sarira reliquaries basically had an upside-down round bowl-shaped body. Although their body shapes was like an upside-down bowl, their parts above the bodies were wide at bottom and gradually got narrower towards their tops, showing lots of similarities with the sphericalshaped stupa of Korea. Chinese stupas that have some similarities with Korean spherical-shaped stupas have been found in Buddhist temples of the Song and Yuan eras in the region of Shandong and Zhejiang Province. Stupas which have been found near Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province -a stupa at Cheondongsa, a stupa at Sangbanggwangsa and a stupa at Manyeonsa in the Mt. Cheontae- are similar to Korean spherical-shaped stupa in terms of expressions on the body and the part above the body of the stupa. The Buddhist temples in which the Chinese stupas above have been found follow Imje Zen Buddhism which exerted lots of impact on Buddhist priests Naong and others in the late Goryeo era. Furthermore, Lama tower-style sarira reliquary which enjoyed popularity in the Goryeo and early Joseon era is compared with the spherical-shaped stupa. They are similar in that they both had a round body, but show difference in the pattern of the platform and body, whether or not they had a roof-stone and the shape of the part above the body. When it comes to Buddhist backgrounds behind the popularity of the spherical-shaped stupa, it is thought that the stupa was closely related to the Buddhist beliefs of Jigong, the Indian Buddhist priest who had come to Goryeo, and Naong, the Buddhist priest who had studied in China during the Yuan era, learned Buddhist doctrine from Jigong and followed Imje Zen Buddhism. Jigong was not a lama but a Zen priest. He had a great influence on his disciples Naong and Muhak, who contributed a lot to the emergence of the spherical-shaped stupa. Therefore, it is presumed that the spherical-shaped stupa was influence by Indian Buddhism. The round body, an important feature of the spherical-shaped stupa, is thought of as a form reflecting Indian Buddhism culture, not the influence of Lama Buddhism arts. Moreover, the beliefs in Sejonsarira popular in the late Goryeo era and people's great respect towards Buddhist priests Jigong and Naong at the time also appear to have contributed a lot to the popularity of the spherical-shaped stupa.