조선후기 호남지역 僧塔 연구

Abstract

The number of monk’s stone-stupa, built in the late Joseon dynasty, is over 1000. The regulation that only eminent monks, such as King’s Teacher(國師)and National Priest(王師), were allowed to build a stone stupa for commemorating their achievements, appeared to be faded in the late Joseon dynasty. As a result, building stone stupa for worshipping monk genealogy became common in this period. These phenomena seem to be triggered by Confucian authentic genealogy as well as ancestral worshiping rituals. Stone stupas, built in the late Joseon dynasty, can be classified to three types, Stone Building Style(殿閣形), Stone Bell-shaped Style(石鐘形) and Stone Ball Shape Style(球形). These variations are based on the presence of roof stones as well as the body shape of stone stupas. Stone Building Style seem to be influenced by 16 National Priest stupas in Songkwang-Temple(松廣寺),Suncheon, Jeollanamdo. With 16 National Priest stone stupas’ influence,Building Style’s body is elongated, and the size of basements is abated in the 17th century. In 18th Century, an octagonal shape of body as well as roof stone gradually changed to a square form. This shape shifting can be related to royal tombs’ stone lanterns’appearance. 18th century’s Stone lanterns in royal tombs were altered to a square form. Stone Bell-shaped Style was popular in the late 17th century. The initial examples appear to copy exact shape of the bell of the Buddhist temple. In order to this, artist meticulously carved the actual ornamental elements of the bell of the Buddhist temple to stone stupas’body. This Bell-shape stupa had maintained a stable appearance till 17th century. However, after 1700,Bell-shaped body’s lower part dimension was gradually dwindled, and the middle part dimension swelled out. As a result, Bell-shape turned to be an egg shape, and ornamental elements, which were used to be carved on the surface of the stupas, also disappeared. Stone Ball-shaped Style mainly built after the late 18th century, and since 19th century majority of stone stupas has followed this style. This style presented various variations in basement. Although Ball shaped body and octagonal roof maintained its original appearance, the basement varied with around, rectangular and octagonal shapes. In addition, small animal figures also attached to this basement in order to provide idiosyncratic identity to each stone stupa. In the late Joseon dynasty, we can find the written records of stone sculptors. Kim Haeseon’s works are found in Mihwangsa(美黃寺) and Daegeungsa(大興寺), all of whom located in Haenam, Jeollanam-do. He modified the octagonal shape of Building style's body as well as roof stone to a rectangular form. In addition he also crated various figural images such as turtle, crab,bird, lotus flower images to stone stupa’s basements. Seo Maksang organized in a stone stupa and stele building project with in Mihwangsa’s three monk sculptors. He built one building style and one bell shape style stupa. Like Kim Haeseon, Seo Maksang also inserted various animal and botanic images to the basement, but Seo Maksang’s image seem to contain more strong pictorial quality than Kim Haeseon’s.