여성은 평화적인가? 엘쉬타인의 전쟁과 평화에 관한 논의를 중심으로
Feminine Peace and Peaceful Femininity: Jean Elshtain’s Problematic Theory of “Problematic” Peace
0
조회
0
다운로드
1
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
There have been arguments concerning whether femininity is inherently peaceful or peace is in itself feminine. Whereas most radical feminists such as Sara Ruddick and Betty Reardon and anti-militaristic feminists such as Cynthia Enloe advocate the notion of peaceful women, equal rights or liberal feminists such as Barbara Ehrenreich and political realist such as Jean Elshtain reject the idea but with a different reason. Ehrenreich insists women are not peaceful and even war prone in order to prove that men and women are equal in their performances; Elshtain proclaims women can not be pacifists to advocate that war is functionally necessary to the sustenance of the state. Among many theories, however, Elshtain’s political thought related with gender, peace and war is under scrutiny here in this article, in that she has delved into these issues in a sustained and very controversial manner. As an exemplary proponent of political realism and liberal or “neoliberal” feminism in the arena of international relations, Elshtain negates the notion of feminine peace or peaceful femininity by providing examples of various women participating in the war around the world. The political realization that war has always been in the world and will not be “obsolete” makes her say peace is “problematic” and even “sterile,” because it robs a vital and driving force from the people and their history. In her ideal civic state where “purified patriots” do carry “necessary” just war against terror, no place is given therefore for the perpetual peace. Whether women are peaceful, bellicose, peaceful but warring if necessary (Johan Galtung, Christine Sylvester, Jan Pettman, and Dan Smith and Inger Skjelsboek, among others), one thing commonly accepted for all the feminists and IR theorists despite their political differences is that, ultimately “peace is better than war.” Elshtain’s theory of problematic peace, then, turns out to be “problematic” because she claims war has been inevitable as a vital force through which the world is constituted and thus peace, categorically passive and inferior, will politically never be actualized. For Elshtain, war matters, not peace. This article insists however that the notion of “negative peace” should be transcended by not positioning peace opposite to war in the world of nuclear war which in the end nullifies the notion of constituting war itself. A new notion of peace is thus desirable to move away from the outdated notion peace as an absence of war and from the obsolete notion of nuclear catastrophe, a structural and ultimate outcome of negative peace. After one massive nuclear war, there will be no more “deterrent” wars. The awareness that war’s opposite is not peace but ordinariness and “fullness of life”(Panikkar), and that ordinary “full” life is not achieved by war may relieve Elshtain from her relentlessly realistic but nevertheless idealistic conundrum, who is driven with the political notion of “homo homini lupus” and “bellum omnium contra omnes,” which should be negated in the civil society in vain.
Abstract
There have been arguments concerning whether femininity is inherently peaceful or peace is in itself feminine. Whereas most radical feminists such as Sara Ruddick and Betty Reardon and anti-militaristic feminists such as Cynthia Enloe advocate the notion of peaceful women, equal rights or liberal feminists such as Barbara Ehrenreich and political realist such as Jean Elshtain reject the idea but with a different reason. Ehrenreich insists women are not peaceful and even war prone in order to prove that men and women are equal in their performances; Elshtain proclaims women can not be pacifists to advocate that war is functionally necessary to the sustenance of the state. Among many theories, however, Elshtain’s political thought related with gender, peace and war is under scrutiny here in this article, in that she has delved into these issues in a sustained and very controversial manner. As an exemplary proponent of political realism and liberal or “neoliberal” feminism in the arena of international relations, Elshtain negates the notion of feminine peace or peaceful femininity by providing examples of various women participating in the war around the world. The political realization that war has always been in the world and will not be “obsolete” makes her say peace is “problematic” and even “sterile,” because it robs a vital and driving force from the people and their history. In her ideal civic state where “purified patriots” do carry “necessary” just war against terror, no place is given therefore for the perpetual peace. Whether women are peaceful, bellicose, peaceful but warring if necessary (Johan Galtung, Christine Sylvester, Jan Pettman, and Dan Smith and Inger Skjelsboek, among others), one thing commonly accepted for all the feminists and IR theorists despite their political differences is that, ultimately “peace is better than war.” Elshtain’s theory of problematic peace, then, turns out to be “problematic” because she claims war has been inevitable as a vital force through which the world is constituted and thus peace, categorically passive and inferior, will politically never be actualized. For Elshtain, war matters, not peace. This article insists however that the notion of “negative peace” should be transcended by not positioning peace opposite to war in the world of nuclear war which in the end nullifies the notion of constituting war itself. A new notion of peace is thus desirable to move away from the outdated notion peace as an absence of war and from the obsolete notion of nuclear catastrophe, a structural and ultimate outcome of negative peace. After one massive nuclear war, there will be no more “deterrent” wars. The awareness that war’s opposite is not peace but ordinariness and “fullness of life”(Panikkar), and that ordinary “full” life is not achieved by war may relieve Elshtain from her relentlessly realistic but nevertheless idealistic conundrum, who is driven with the political notion of “homo homini lupus” and “bellum omnium contra omnes,” which should be negated in the civil society in vain.
참고문헌 (54)
- 갈퉁, 요한, "마이니치 신문 이케다 다이시쿠와 요한 갈퉁 대담집" (1997), 신영사
- 갈퉁, 요한, "평화적 수단에 의한 평화" (2000), 들녘
- 김명희, "현대평화연구에서 종교의 위치", 종교문화비평, 18(18), pp.15~47 (2010), 한국종교문화연구소
- 류경희, "인도 종교문화의 비폭력(아힘사) 평화정신과 종교폭력", 종교문화비평, 18(18), pp.48~79 (2010), 한국종교문화연구소
- 황희숙, "정의로운 전쟁은 가능한가" (2006), 철학과 현실사
- 이동수, "포스트모던 페미니즘에서 여성의 정체성과 차이", 아시아여성연구, 43(2), pp.47~73 (2004), 아시아여성연구소
- 이미경, "전쟁과 페미니즘", 여성학연구, 18, pp.25~47 (2003)
- 이정희, "자유주의 페미니즘에서 제3세계 페미니즘까지", 비평문학, (19), pp.193~220 (2004), 한국비평문학회
- 이혜정, "전쟁과 평화에 대한 여성주의적 독해", 한국여성철학, 4, pp.59~78 (2004)
- 이혜정, "‘전쟁’에 대해 여성주의는 무엇을 말할 수 있는가?", 법철학연구, 14(1), pp.99~116 (2011), 한국법철학회
- 정진영, "국제정치 이론논쟁의 현황과 전망", 국제정치논총, 40(3), pp.5~38 (2000)
- 황영주, "만나기, 뛰어넘기, 새로만들기: 페미니즘 국제정치학에서 안보와 그 과제", 국제정치논총, 47(1), pp.75~94 (2007), 한국국제정치학회
- 황영주, "평화, 안보 그리고 여성: “지구는 내가 지킨다”의 페미니즘적 재정의(reformulation)", 국제정치논총, 43(1), pp.45~68 (2003), 한국국제정치학회
- Boulding, Elise, "Cultures of Peace: The Hidden Side of History" (2000), Syracuse UP
- Burguieres, Mary, "Feminist Approaches to Peace: Another Step for Peace Studies", Millenium: Journal of International Studies, 19(1), pp.1~18 (1990)
- Carter, April, "“Should Women be Soldiers or Pacifists?” Lorentzen and Turpin 33-37", ~
- Ehrenreich, Barbara, "Blood Rites: Origins and History of the Passions of War" (1997), Holt
- Elshtain, Jean B., "Against Androgyny", 229~248 (1981)
- Elshtain, Jean B, "Ethics in the Women’s Movement", AAPSS, 515, pp.126~139 (1991)
- Elshtain, Jean B, "Feminism and War", Progressive, 55(9), pp.14~16 (1991)
- Elshtain, Jean B., "International Theory: Critical Investigations" (1995), NYU P
- Elshtain, Jean B., "“Is There a Feminist Tradition on War and Peace?” 1996. Nardin 214-27", ~ (1996)
- Elshtain, Jean B., "Intellectual Dissent and the War on Terror", Public Interest, 151(봄), pp.86~95 (2003)
- Elshtain, Jean B., "Just War against Terror: The Burden of American Power in a Violent World" (2004), Basic Books
- Elshtain, Jean B., "Women, Militarism, and War", pp.255~266 (1990), Rowman
- Elshtain, Jean B., "Reflections on War and Political Discourse: Realism, Just War, and Feminism in a Nuclear Age", Political Theory, 13(1), pp.39~57 (1985)
- Elshtain, Jean B, "Real Politics: At the Center of Everyday Life" (2000), Johns Hopkins UP
- Elshtain, Jean B., "Women and War. 1987" (1995), U of Chicago P
- Elshtain, Jean B., "Women and War: Ten Years On", Review of International Studies, 24(4), pp.447~460 (1998)
- Galtung, Johan, "Twenty-Five Years of Peace Research: Ten Challenges and Some Responses", Journal of Peace Research, 22(2), pp.141~158 (1985)
- Galtung, Johan, "Violence, Peace, and Peace Research", Journal of Peace Research, 6, pp.167~191 (1969)
- Goldstein, Joshua, "War and Gender" (2001), Cambridge UP
- Guthke, Karl S, "The Gender of Death: A Cultural History in Art and Literature" (1999), Cambridge UP
- Keohane, Robert O, "Beyond Dichotomy: Conversations Between International Relations and Feminist Theory", International Studies Quarterly, 42, pp.193~198 (1998)
- Keohane, Robert O., "The Promise of Institutionalist Theory", International Security, 20(1), pp.39~51 (1995)
- Lorentzen., Lois, "The Women and War Reader" (1998), NYU P
- Textual Politics: Feminist Literary Theory, "Sexual", pp.1981, Moi, Toril
- Nardin, Terry, "The Ethics of War and Peace: Religious and Secular Perspective" (1996), Princeton UP
- Panikkar, Raimon, "Cultural Disarmament: The Way to Peace" (1995), Westminster John Knox P
- Peach, Lucinda J., "An Alternative to Pacifism? Feminism and Just War Theory", Hypatia, 9(2), pp.152~172 (1994)
- Reardon, Betty, "Sexism and War System" (1985), Teachers College P
- Reardon, Betty, "Women and Peace: Feminist Visions of Global Security" (1993), SUNY P
- Reardon, Betty, "Women or Weapons?", 289~295 (1998)
- Richards, Janet, "Why the Pursuit of Peace is no Part of Feminism", Elshtain and Tobias, 211~225
- Ruddick, Sara, "The Rationality of Care", Elshtain and Tobias, 229~254
- Ruddick, Sara, "Woman of Peace’: A Feminist Construction", Lorentzen and Turpin, 213~226
- Skjelsboek, Inger, "Gender, Peace and Conflict" (2001), Sage
- Skjelsboek, Inger, "Gender, Peace and Conflict", pp.47~67 (2001), Sage
- Scheper-Hughes, Nancy, "Maternal Thinking and Politics of War", Lorentzen and Turpin, 227~233
- Showalter, Elaine, "A Literature of Their Own: British Women Novelists from Brontë to Lessing" (1977), Princeton UP
- Sylvester, Christine, "Feminist International Relations: An Unfinished Journey" (2002), Cambridge UP
- Sylvester, Christine, "War Experiences", War Practices, Millenium, pp.2012, 40(3)[DOI]
- Tickner, J. Ann, "You Just Don’t Understand: Troubled Engagements Between Feminists and IR Theorists", International Studies Quarterly, 41, pp.611~632 (1997)
- Tobias, Sarah, "Toward a Feminist Ethic of War and Peace", Nardin, 228~241 (1996)