『법의 개념』에 대한 이해와 오해
The Concept of Law Revisited
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일부 철학고전들처럼, 하트의 책은 독서만큼이나 소문에 의하여 알려졌다. 말하기 당혹스럽지만, 특히 로스쿨에 퍼져 있는 그의 견해에 관한 소문은 종종 완전히 상이하기까지 하다. 하트는 법이란 적합한 사회적 합의에 의존하는 규칙들의 문제라고 주장하는 고루한 실증주의자이지 않는가? 그는 법이 객관적이라고, 즉 사실의 문제라고 생각하지 않는가? 하트는 법의 지배를 찬양하고 그것의 발생을 하나의 진전으로, 즉 “미개한” 사회에서 근대사회로의 진보의 표지로 간주하지 않는가? 하트는 명확한 법이 제시하는 확실성에 의해서만 자유와 정의가 가능하다고 생각하지 않는가? 그리고 그의 전체적인 이론적 관점은 사실과 가치의 구별이라는 반박되어진, 적어도 시대에 뒤쳐진 생각에 구속받고 있지 않은가? 하트는 정치학보다는 의미론에 더 관심을 두고 있지 않은가? 간결하게 답하자면, “그렇지 않다.” 하트는 결코 그러한 생각을 한 적이 없다. 하트의 책은 충분히 명확해서 개관적인 설명이 별도로 필요 없지만, 그 책의 주제들 중 일부를 설명하는 것이 전술한 것과 같은 오해들을 예방하는 데 도움이 될 수 있을 것이다. 법과 사회적 규칙, 강제, 도덕에 관한 그의 견해를 검토한 이후에 방법론상의 몇 가지 논점에 관하여 간략하게 살펴볼 것이다. 나는 중립적인 자세를 취하려고 노력하지 않을 것이다. 하트의 법이론은 부분적으로 옳고 부분적으로 틀렸으며 여기저기에서 다소 불명확하다. 그러나 이하의 논의가 비평인 것은 아니다. 나는 사람들이 오해하는 경향이 있는 부분에 초점을 두고자 하며, 소수의 논점에 관해서 비판적인 논평을 할 것이다. 하지만 평가는 독자의 몫으로 남겨 놓고자 한다.
Abstract
Like some other great works of philosophy, H. L. A. Hart’s book is known as much by rumor as by reading. For what circulates as his views―particularly, I am embarrassed to say, in law schools―is often quite different. Isn’t Hart the dreary positivist who holds that law is a matter of rules that rest on a happy social consensus? Doesn’t he think that law is objective, a matter of fact? Doesn’t Hart celebrate the rule of law and take its rise as an achievement, a mark of progress from "primitive" to modem society? Doesn’t Hart think that liberty and justice are possible only through the certainty that clear law provides? And isn’t his whole theoretical perspective straight jacketed by a disproved, or at least outmoded, distinction between fact and value? Isn’t Hart concerned more with semantics than politics? The short answer is ‘no’, Hart does not think any of those things. Hart’s book is clear enough to need no summary, but an exploration of some of its themes might help guard against misunderstandings like those. I’m going to examine his views about the law and social rules, coercion, and morality, and then briefly glance at some methodological points. I make no effort to remain neutral: Hart’s theory of Law is correct in part, mistaken in part, and, here and there, a bit obscure. But what follows is not an assessment. I highlight areas where people tend to go, or to be led, astray, and I make critical comments on a few points; but and appraisal is work for the reader.
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