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한국기업의 수출성과 결정요인 통합모형 개발 - 산업조직이론, 자원기반이론, 관계적 관점의 결합을 중심으로 -

Developing an Integrated Model of Determinants of Export Performance

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주제분류경영학

초록

수출성과의 결정요인에 대한 연구는 오랫동안 국제경영 분야 연구자들의 주요한 관심사였다. 그러나, 수출성과의 결정요인을 규명하기 위한 이러한 노력에도 불구하고 아직까지 이론적, 실증적 측면에서 다양한 연구결과들이 보고되고 있으며, 수출성과의 결정요인에 대한 통일적인 의견 일치는 모아지지 않고 있다. 본 연구의 목적은 기존의 수출성과 결정요인에 대한 연구들의 한계를 극복하기 위해 수출성과 결정요인에 대한 통합모형을 개발하는 것이다. 이러한 연구 목적을 달성하기 위해, 수출성과 결정요인의 다차원적인 특성을 고려하여 산업조직이론, 자원기반이론, 관계적 관점을 통합하여 수출성과 결정요인에 대한 통합모형을 개발하고 이 통합모형의 경로와 설명력을 검증하였다. 본 연구를 위해 한국의 수출기업 3,000개를 표본으로 설문조사를 실시하여 420개의 유효한 응답을 얻었으며, 이를 AMOS 18.0 구조방정식 모형 프로그램을 사용하여 분석하였다. 본 연구의 주요 분석 결과를 살펴보면 아래와 같다. 첫째, 통합모형은 대부분의 경로가 유의하게 나타났고 모형의 적합도도 양호하여 본 통합모형이 한국 수출기업의 수출성과를 설명하는데 유의적인 설명력을 보여주는 것을 확인하였다. 둘째, 통합모형이 기존의 각 패러다임별 모형에 비해 수출성과에 대해 유의하게 높은 설명력을 나타내고 모형의 적합도도 유의하게 높다는 것을 확인하였다. 셋째, 수출기업의 자원과 역량이 수출기업의 전략에 긍정적인 영향을, 그리고, 전략이 수출시장에서의 경쟁우위에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것을 알 수 있었다. 넷째, 수출시장에서의 경쟁우위는 수출기업의 자원과 전략뿐만 아니라 수입업체와의 관계의 질에 의해서도 긍정적인 영향을 받는다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 이 결과는 수출성과를 설명할 때 기존의 전략경영 패러다임과 관계적 관점이 수출시장의 경쟁우위를 연결고리로 하여 통합될 수 있다는 것을 보여주는 것이다. 다섯째, 수출시장에서의 경쟁우위와 수입업체와의 관계의 질 모두 수출성과에 유의적으로 긍정적인 영향을 미친다는 것을 알 수 있다. 결론적으로 수출성과를 결정하는데 있어서 경쟁우위와 관계의 질이 모두 긍정적인 영향을 미치며, 이러한 다양한 관점을 통합한 모형이 기존의 단일 관점별 모형보다 수출성과의 결정요인을 규명하는데 보다 적합하고 설명력이 높다는 것을 보여주고 있다. 본 연구결과는 수출기업의 경영자와 정부의 수출정책 담당자들에게 수출성과의 결정요인을 전체적으로 설명하는 통합적인 틀(framework)을 제공함으로써 수출성과를 높이기 위한 보다 효과적인 수출전략과 수출지원 정책을 수립하는데 도움을 줄 수 있을 것이다.

Abstract

Identifying determinants of export performance has been a main concern of researchers in exporting. However, consensus of the determinants of export performance has not been formed yet. Past studies have relied on fragmented theoretical paradigms and variables. The purpose of this study is to develop an integrated model of determinants of export performance by combining industrial organizational E-S-P (environment - strategy - performance) paradigm, resource-based view, and relational perspective. 420 Korean manufacturing exporters were used as a sample for the analysis and AMOS 18.0 was used as to analyze the structural equation model. The analysis findings are as follows. First, an exploratory power and goodness-of-fit of the integrated model of determinants of export performance are significantly high and better than an individual model of export performance determinants developed each on the basis of industrial organization theory, resource-based view or relational perspective. Second, all paths except one between variables of the model of determinants of export performance are statistically significant, which means the integrated model has content validity in explaining the determinants of export performance. Third, it is found that exporters' resources and capabilities affect competitive strategy in export markets, which, in turn, affects positional advantages in export markets positively. Fourth, the integrated model verifies that the relationship quality affects not only export performance but also competitive advantage in export market. This finding confirms that strategic management paradigm(E-S-P and resource-based view) and relational perspective can be connected via the variable of relationship quality between exporters and importers. Fifth, both competitive advantage in export market and the relationship quality between exporting partners have positive effects on exportperformance. This finding shows that relational variables as well as competitive advantages are equally important in explaining export performance, and thus the three perspectives should be integrated in identifying determinants of export performance.

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