사법판단과 정치 ―미국에서의 법이론적 논의를 단초로―
Judicial Adjudication and Politics: Based on Legal Theories in the United States
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초록
오늘날 다원적인 이념간의 대립, 일반조항의 범람, 정책적 판단과 그 방법론으로서 형량의 사법판단에의 유입 등으로 인해 사법판단의 실제에서 적잖이 정치적 고려가 작동하고 있다. 나아가 사법판단이 헌정질서 내의 다른 정치적 행위자들인 입법부나 행정부와 마찬가지로 이해관계인들의 참여와 투쟁을 전제로 권력과 부의 재분배에 기여한다는 점 또한 무시할 수 없게 되었다. 따라서, 고전적인 법의 지배와 권력분립에 대한 이해방식, 그리고 그에 기초한 사법의 중립성 내지 사법판단의 비정치성 테제는, 비록 전면적으로 포기할 수 있는 것은 아니라고 할지라도, 부분적으로는 발전적 해체와 재구성의 대상이 되었다고 할 수 있다. 본고는 20세기 미국 법이론사에서 드러난 사법판단의 본질을 둘러싼 논쟁, 형식주의에 대한 현실주의의 비판, 현실주의에 대한 법과정학파의 비판, 드워킨의 정통주의로의 회귀, 그리고 신현실주의의 사법판단에 관한 새로운 관점을 고찰함으로써, 전향적인 사법판단 이론을 구성하는 데 있어서 작은 단초를 제공하는 것을 목적으로 한다.
Abstract
Today, a considerable amount of political consideration is at work in the practice of judicial decisions, due to the confrontation between pluralistic ideologies, the overflow of general provisions, and the introduction of policy judgments and balancing as legal methodology into judicial adjudication. Furthermore, the judiciary, as with other political actors such as the legislative or executive branches, contributes to the redistribution of power and wealth on the premise of the participation and struggle of stakeholders in the courts. Therefore, the thesis of neutrality of judiciary or apolitical character of judicial adjudication, which is based on the orthodox understanding of the rule of law and separation of powers, can partly be subject to prospective reconstruction. This article discusses the controversy surrounding the essence of judicial adjudication based on the history of American legal theory in the 20th century, especially the critique of realism against formalism, the critique of the legal process school against legal realism, the return to the orthodox theory of Dworkin, and the understanding of new realism. Through this process, the purpose of this study is to open the discussion for a forward-looking judicial adjudication theory.
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