사무엘상 8장 11-17절의 ‘왕의 권리’ - 왕의 정당한 권리를 이야기하는 글 -
The King’s Rights in 1 Samuel 8: 11-17 - An Article That Tells the King’s Legitimate Rights -
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보통 ‘요담 우화’와 함께 ‘왕의 권리’를 이야기하는 본문 사무엘상 8장 11-17절은 대표적인 왕정을 비판하는 글로 여겨졌다. 왜냐하면 그 내용이 ‘착취’ 또는 ‘종’과 같은 부정적인 단어로 설명되기 때문이다. 그러나 본 연구에서는 위의 본문이 왕의 부정적인 통치원리에 말하는 것인가에 대한 질문을 던지고자 한다. 이에 대한 대답을 얻기 위해서 연구자는 사무엘상 8장 11-17절의 ‘왕의 권리’의 삶의 자리(=Sitz im Leben)가 왕위즉위식 때 왕이 백성과 체결하는 계약(=‘왕의 계약’)이라고 주장하고자 한다. 본 연구를 위해서 사무엘상 8장 11-17절의 본문 비평과 고대 근동 자료를 비교 및 분석하는 종교사적 연구 방법을 사용할 것이다. ‘왕의 계약’은 구약에서 다윗(삼하 5:3)과 요아스(왕하 11:4)의 왕위즉위식에서 단 두 번 언급되지만, 유다와 이스라엘 왕국 역사 속에서 ‘왕의 계약’이 매 왕위즉위식에 거행되었던 하나의 의전행사였다. ‘왕의 계약’이 왕위즉위식에서 하나의 의전행사였다는 사실은 히타이트와 아시리아 제국의 여러 예들을 통해서도 증명된다. ‘왕의 계약’은 흔히 세속에서 사용되는 ‘계약’처럼 쌍방 간의(왕과 백성 사이의) 의무와 권리를 포함하고 있다. ‘왕의 권리’는 사무엘상 8장 11-17절에서 일부 소개된 것처럼, 인적 자원과 물적 자원을 활용할 수 있는 권리와 세금을 수취할 수 있는 권리이다. 이와 달리 왕의 의무는 국가와 백성을 적으로부터 수호해야할 의무, 종교적 행사와 절기를 지킬 의무, 백성을 풍요롭게 할 의무, 국가 기간시설을 발전시킬 의무 등이 있다. 이와 같이 ‘왕의 권리’를 왕위즉위식에서 왕과 백성이 맺은 계약과 연관시켜서 생각한다면, 사무엘상 8장 11-17절에서 언급된 ‘왕의 권리’에 대한 내용은 왕정을 비판하는 글이 아님을 알 수 있다.
Abstract
The text of the ‘king’s rights’ in 1 Samuel 8: 11-17 along with the ‘Jotham fable’ has been usually considered a representative criticism of the monarchy. Because its content is mentioned by such negative words as “exploitation” or “servant.” However, this study attempts to raise a question as to whether the text really speaks to the king's negative ruling principle. To answer this question, I would like to argue that the Sitz im Leben of the king’s rights in 1 Samuel 8: 11-17 was the king’s covenant, which a king made with his people during the enthronement ceremony. For this study, I used a textual-critical method for Samuel 8: 11-17 as well as a religio-historical method for the comparison and analysis of the ancient Near East. Although the ‘king’s covenant’ is mentioned only twice at the coronation ceremony of David (2 Sam 5: 3) and of Joash (2 Kgs 11: 4) in the Old Testament, but the king's covenant was a ceremonial event which was celebrated at every coronation ceremony in the history of the kingdoms of Judah and Israel. The fact that the king’s covenant was a ceremonial event in the enthronement ceremony is also proven through several examples of the Hittite and Assyrian empires. The ‘king’s covenant’ includes mutual duties and rights between the two parties (a king and his people), just like a ‘covenant’ in the secular world. One of the ‘king’s rights’ is to use human and material resources and to receive taxes, as partially introduced in 1 Samuel 8: 11-17. The king's duty, on the other hand, is to defend his nation and people from the enemy, to observe the religious ceremonies and feasts, to enrich the people, and to develop national infrastructure. Thus, if we think of the ‘king’s rights’ in connection with the covenant between a king and his people at the enthronement ceremony, it can be seen that the text of the ‘king’s rights’ in 1 Samuel 8: 11-17 is not a criticism of the monarchy.
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