제의 예물로 드린 ‘거룩한 떡’ - 왕만이 요구할 수 있는 특권 :사울 왕이 놉의 제사장들을 학살하다(삼상 21:1-9; 22:6-19)
’Consecrated Bread’ within the meaning of Privileges for the King :king Saul killed priests of Nob(1 Sam 21:1-9; 22:6-19)
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지금까지의 구약학 연구와 구약의 진술을 통해서 이스라엘 역사 속에 등장하는 왕정이라는 정치제도와 왕권의 정당성을 설명하는 제왕이데올로기 모두 이스라엘 외부 세계로부터 받아들여졌다는 사실을 확인할 수 있다. 이와 같은 사실을 전제로 본 연구에서는 사울의 왕권을 설명하는 여러 상징들 중에서 ‘거룩한 떡’이 지닌 정치적 의미를 살펴보고자 한다. YHWH 앞에 봉헌되는 여러 제의 예물 중 하나로 일반적으로 종교적 의미를 내포하고 있는 ‘거룩한 떡’은 사울 왕이 아히멜렉을 포함한 놉의 85명 제사장들과 놉의 주민들을 학살하는 에피소드(삼상 21:1-9; 22:6-19) 속에서 비참한 사건의 한 원인으로 작용하고 있다. 이는 단순히 사울 왕국의 중앙 성소가 위치했던 놉의 제사장이자 사울 왕국의 대제사장이었던 아히멜렉이 배고픈 다윗에게 먹을 것을 제공하여 제의 예물인 ’거룩한 떡’이 지닌 종교적 의미를 손상시켰기 때문만이 아니다. 왜냐하면 중앙 성전에서 봉헌된 떡을 포함한 제의 음식은 원칙적으로 신을 위해 봉헌된 음식이지만 제의가 끝난 이후에는 왕만이 이러한 제의 음식을 요구하거나 먹을 수 있는 특권을 소유했기 때문이다. 결국, 사울 왕이 놉의 제사장들을 학살한 이유는 제사장 아히멜렉이 사울 왕의 특권이자 그의 왕권을 상징하는 ‘거룩한 떡’을 그의 최대 정치적 경쟁자이었던 다윗에게 넘겨주었기 때문이라고 볼 수 있다.
Abstract
According to the research of the Old Testament so far, we can ascertain that the monarchical system of Israel derived from neighboring country and in this process the ideology of kingship of the Ancient Near East which explains the legitimacy of kingship were also accepted. In this research, among the various symbols which are related to Saul's kingship, this study will examine the political meaning of the 'consecrated bread'. For this research, first of all, this thesis uses the research method of religious history, which compares and analyzes the episode arising from 1 Samuel 21:1-9 and 22:6-19 through the synchronic perspective and materials from Ancient Near East. In this incident king Saul killed 85 priests of Nob, because Ahimelech gave David 'consecrated bread'. Ahimelech was not only a priest of Nob where the central sanctuary of Saul's kingdom was located, but also a high priest of Saul kingdom. He might know conflict which had already existed between Saul and David. Nevertheless, the Priest gave David 'consecrated bread.' Because of this many priests of Nob were killed. This slaughter was not caused simply by giving a hungry David provision by Ahimelech, or by disgracing the religious meaning in which 'consecrated bread' has as gift of ritual ceremony. The reason why king Saul had killed the priests of Nob was that Ahimelech the high priest gave 'consecrated bread,' which symbolized both king Saul's privilege and his kingship, to David who was the biggest political competitor of king Saul. It is because the ritual provision including bread which were offered in the central sanctuary were basically God's provision, and only king held a privilege to eat the ritual provision after the ritual ceremony.
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