“%lma yna”: 다윗 왕위 계승 순위의 뒤틀림
“%lma yna”: Twist in the Line of Succession to the Throne of David
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누가 다윗의 왕위를 계승할 것인가? 이 질문은 이스라엘 백성들뿐 아니라 다윗 왕궁 내의 초유의 관심사였다. 전통적인 고대 이스라엘의 왕위 계승법에 의하면, 다윗의 장남 암논이 왕위를 이어야 하나, 다윗 왕궁에서는 계승 순위가 완전히 뒤틀려 솔로몬이 왕위에 오르게 된다. 다윗 왕가에서는 계승이 순조롭지 못하였으며, 궁중에서는 왕위계승을 둘러싼 왕자들의 피비린내 나는 권력 암투가 연속적으로 일어나게 되어 왕궁은 풍전등화의 위기를 맞이하게 된다. 이러한 뒤틀림의 이유는 무엇일까? 어떤 편집의 손길이 있었던 것은 아닐까? 왜 왕위 계승을 주제로 하는 계승 내러티브 (삼하 9-20 & 왕상 1-2)가 기록되었을까? 본 연구의 목적은 이러한 질문들에 답하기 위하여, 네 명의 왕위 후보자들을 순위대로 살펴보고 계승 내러티브 저자가 이 내러티브를 기록한 목적과 의도를 탐구하는 것이다. 솔로몬의 변증가로 활동한 계승 내러티브의 저자는 왕위 계승에서 우선권을 가졌던 암논, 압살롬, 아도니야가 왜 계승에서 탈락하게 되었는지 그 이유들을 밝히고, 오직 솔로몬만이 야훼의 정하신 합법적인 왕위 계승자임을 자신의 펜으로 피력하였다. 이 세 후보들은 다윗의 왕위를 계승할 수 있는 특권과 정당성을 가졌음에도 불구하고 야훼의 율법을 어기고 강간, 살인, 반역 등의 죄를 범한 인물들이다. 이처럼 율법의 중대한 죄를 범한 자들은 아무리 다윗의 장남이나 차남일지라도 왕위를 계승할 수는 없는 것이다. 그러므로 계승 내러티브의 저자의 눈에는 솔로몬의 등극이 다윗언약의 성취이며, 야훼의 뜻에 의한 합법적이고 당연한 결과이다. 그는 이러한 신학적 해석을 통하여 계승 순위에서 최하위였던 솔로몬이 왕위를 잇게 된 이유를 설명하며 솔로몬 집권 초기에 당면한 정치적 위기에 해법을 찾고자 하였다. 이와 같이 계승내러티브는 대중의 의혹과 비난을 해소하기 위한 의도로 기록된 궁중 변증서로서 솔로몬의 정치적 선전물(political propaganda)의 기능을 하고 있다.
Abstract
Who will succeed the throne of David? This has been an issue of utmost importance not only for the people of Israel but also within the court of David. According to the principle of primogeniture as a fait accompli in Israel, Amnon is David's eldest son and therefore the heir to the throne. However, the line of succession within the royal palace is completely twisted and eventually Solomon succeeds David. Regal power in David's house is not smoothly transferred, and thus the court is exposed to urgent crisis with continuous power struggles among the princes related to the succession. What is the reason for such a twist? Was there a redactor's activity? Why was the Succession Narrative (2 Sam 9-20 and 1 Kgs 1-2), which revolves around the succession of the throne, written? In order to answer these questions, this study looks at each of the four candidates for the throne in order, and searches for the purpose and intentions of the author of the Succession Narrative. The author of the Succession Narrative, who worked as Solomon's apologist, reveals the reasons why Amnon, Absalom, and Adonijah were all rejected as David's successor, although they were the most privileged. The author records that Solomon is the only lawful successor set by Yahweh. The three candidates violated the law of Yahweh and committed crimes such as rape, murder, and rebellion, even though they had the legitimacy and rights to succeed David's throne. Thus those who committed crucial sins against the law cannot claim the throne, even though they are David the King's eldest son or the second one. In the eyes of the author of the Succession Narrative, therefore, Solomon's accession is the fulfillment of the Davidic covenant and a legitimate, natural result which accords with the will of Yahweh. The author explains through such a theological analysis why Solomon, the youngest son and thus the last candidate for the throne, was able to succeed the throne, and he seeks to find a solution to the immediate political crisis during the early years of Solomon's reign. Thus the Succession Narrative functions as Solomon's political propaganda, which is an apologetic account of the court to resolve public suspicions and accusations.
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