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고대 이스라엘의 레위인은 누구였는가?

Who were the Levites in Ancient Israel?

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주제분류기독교신학

초록

벨하우젠 이래로 고대 이스라엘의 레위인의 기원 연구는 대부분 레위인과 레위 지파를 구별하지 않았다. 이것은 레위인과 레위 지파가 동의어라는 보편적 가정 때문이다. 소수의 유럽 학자를 제외하고 대다수는 요시야의 개혁이 레위인의 역할을 중시했다는 점에 동의한다. 이 연구는 이에 동의하면서도 다른 시각을 제시한다. 이 연구는 레위인이 고대 이스라엘 역사의 초기부터 제의 기능인(제사장과 보조인)으로 활동하던 사람들이라고 생각한다. 세 가지 간접적인 증거가 이를 지지한다. 첫째, 철기시대 유적지에서 청동기시대 도시국가의 제의 시설이 계속해서 사용되었다는 것과 둘째, 신명 엘과 야훼의 혼용은 왕국 시기 동안 다양한 성소에서 별개의 제사장 가문들의 존재를 반영한다는 것과 셋째, 청동기시대 말부터 철기시대 초까지의 서기관들이 지속해서 활동한 증거로서 알파벳 낙서를 거론할 수 있다. 글 쓰는 이처럼 고대 사회는 제의 기능인이 언제나 필요했다. 지파 개념과 국가는 불가분의 관계에 있다고 주장하는 쿠트(R. B. Coote)의 주장에 따르면 국가가 없다면 지파도 인지되지 못한다. 지파의 명칭이나 활동이 반드시 국가 문서에 등장하기 때문이다. 이러한 사항을 근거로, 이 연구는 주전 622년 요시야 개혁의 성공이 지역 성소에 활동하던 레위인의 협력과 참여에 달려 있으므로 레위인을 하나의 레위 지파로 확립하기에 가장 적절한 때였을 것이라고 주장한다.

Abstract

Since the work of Wellhausen, scholarly inquiries into the origins of the Levites in Ancient Israel have, to a large extent, sidestepped the issue of Levite tribalization. This oversight can be attributed to the prevailing assumption that the Levites and the tribe of Levi were interchangeable concepts. Although a majority of scholars, with a few exceptions among European researchers, have concurred that Josiah's reform significantly heightened the role of the Levites, this essay presents a distinct perspective while remaining in agreement. At the core of this essay lies the proposition that the Levites functioned as cultic functionaries—comprising both priests and aides—since the earliest epochs of Ancient Israel's history. This assertion draws support from three indirect lines of evidence. First, the consistent utilization of cultic facilities from Late Bronze Age city-states within Iron Age sites implies an enduring tradition of worship. Second, the intertwined veneration of El and Yahweh suggests the participation of discrete priestly groups at diverse sacred locations during the monarchy. Third, the presence of abecedaries serves as a testament to scribal activities spanning from the Late Bronze Age to Iron I. R. B. Coote underscores the intricate connection between the concept of a tribe and the existence of a state. Any tribe's nomenclature and activities would invariably find documentation within a state framework. Consequently, without the presence of a state, the notion of a tribe would remain elusive. In light of these considerations, this essay postulates that the opportune moment to formally establish the tribe of Levi—despite its historical service as cultic functionaries—was during Josiah's transformative reform in 622 BCE. The triumph of this reform pivoted on the active collaboration and involvement of the Levites within local sanctuaries. Thus, the implementation of this reform emerges as a pivotal juncture, embodying the seminal inception of the tribe of Levi within the annals of ancient Israel's rich history.

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