4Q지침서(4Q415-418): 위기의 시대에 나타난 종말론적 지혜

Abstract

After the Second Temple Period (515 BCE-70 CE), wisdom expanded beyond secular skills and techniques to encompass the mysteries of God. In the trajectory of wisdom transmission, wisdom expanded beyond the secular and experiential focus to a more esoteric and symbolic understanding. This shift is most evident in the wisdom literature of the Dead Sea Scrolls. In ancient Israel, as well as today, wisdom and power are inextricably linked. Discourses of wisdom in ancient Israel, such as who is wise, who has wisdom, and how one can have wisdom, are inextricably linked to discourses of power. These discourses determine what is wisdom, whose wisdom is the right wisdom, and whose wisdom is anti-wisdom or pseudo-wisdom. In this paper, I examine 4QInstruction in the context of the historical and religious situation. This text demonstrates how the Qumran community developed knowledge discourses in times of crisis and established their community identity as bearers of practical wisdom. 4QInstruction connects the themes of creation, judgment, and wisdom. The concepts of "mysteries that is to be" (raz nihyeh) and "judgment" in the Qumran indisputably demonstrate how the Qumran community formed a discourse that countered the knowledge discourse of the time, represented by the Hasmonean dynasty. The raz nihyeh, which is unique to Qumran wisdom texts, unambiguously reveals the Qumran community's eschatological hope to convey a new meaning. The wisdom imparted was not merely intellectual; it was revealed only to members of their community and was thus designated a "mystery." The Qumran teaches the wisdom that the path of the righteous will be rewarded and the path of the wicked will be punished through the two terms jpvm (mishpat) and hdwqp (pekudah). In this regard, the Qumran was both an apocalyptic wisdom text that presented the "mysteries that is to be" as teachings about eschatological judgment and a counter-discursive wisdom text that distinguished itself from the mainstream, centered around Hasmoneans of Jerusalem. Although the Qumran does not explicitly mention immortality as a reward for the righteous, it does so indirectly by using the word "eternity" to imply immortality. The righteous are promised endless mercy and love, while the wicked are warned of eternal destruction. This paper aimed to demonstrate that 4QInstruction was a wisdom literature that provided instructions to the Qumran community on how to live in times of crisis.