Wnt/β-catenin signaling in cementum formation and homeostasis
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The cementum covering the tooth root is essential for anchoring the tooth to the alveolar bone and maintaining periodontal homeostasis, enabling it to withstand continuous occlusal force. Although cementum shares biochemical and biomechanical similarities with bone, it is resistant to remodeling in its physiological state and difficult to regenerate, unlike bone. Recent craniofacial genetic studies have examined the mechanisms underlying cementogenesis and periodontal homeostasis in the tooth-periodontium-alveolar bone complex. This review summarizes recent studies that have enhanced our understanding of the biological mechanisms by which Wnt/β-catenin signaling regulates cementum formation and homeostasis during tooth root development and lifelong maintenance. The balanced interplay between Wnt/β-catenin and pyrophosphate is essential for the proper development of the cementum in tooth roots. We reviewed acellular and cellular cementum formation, highlighting the temporospatially coordinated interactions of Wnt/β-catenin signaling with other factors, including Npp1, Ank, TGF-β, Hedgehog, Osx, and Sufu. Furthermore, we examined how the cementum barrier contributes to the anti-resorptive properties of tooth roots, offering insight into potential therapeutic strategies for periodontal reconstruction.
Abstract
The cementum covering the tooth root is essential for anchoring the tooth to the alveolar bone and maintaining periodontal homeostasis, enabling it to withstand continuous occlusal force. Although cementum shares biochemical and biomechanical similarities with bone, it is resistant to remodeling in its physiological state and difficult to regenerate, unlike bone. Recent craniofacial genetic studies have examined the mechanisms underlying cementogenesis and periodontal homeostasis in the tooth-periodontium-alveolar bone complex. This review summarizes recent studies that have enhanced our understanding of the biological mechanisms by which Wnt/β-catenin signaling regulates cementum formation and homeostasis during tooth root development and lifelong maintenance. The balanced interplay between Wnt/β-catenin and pyrophosphate is essential for the proper development of the cementum in tooth roots. We reviewed acellular and cellular cementum formation, highlighting the temporospatially coordinated interactions of Wnt/β-catenin signaling with other factors, including Npp1, Ank, TGF-β, Hedgehog, Osx, and Sufu. Furthermore, we examined how the cementum barrier contributes to the anti-resorptive properties of tooth roots, offering insight into potential therapeutic strategies for periodontal reconstruction.
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