말레이시아의 이슬람사법제도에 대한 연구
A Study on the Islamic Law System of Malaysia
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말레이시아는 이슬람을 공식종교로 정한 무슬림국가로 일반사법과 이슬람사법의 이원적인 사법체계를 갖고 있다. 연방헌법의 위임에 따라 각 주마다 자치적인 샤리아법원제도를 갖추고 있으며 각 주마다 일반법원과 동일한 샤리아상고법원, 샤리아고등법원, 샤리아하급법원의 3심 체계를 이루고 있다. 샤리아법원의 판사는 하낌이며 각 주의 조례에 정한 자격조건을 갖춘 자 중 이슬람종교회의의 자문을 얻어 국왕 또는 술탄이 임명한다. 샤리아법원은 일반법원과 마찬가지로 민사와 형사로 관할이 구분되며 이에 따라 샤리아형법, 샤리아형사소송법, 샤리아민사소송법, 샤리아법원증명법 등 관계법률이 제정되어 있다. 일반사법과 마찬가지로 샤리아검사, 샤리아변호사가 있으며 이슬람종교청의 종교집행공무원은 경찰의 역할을 수행한다. 말레이시아의 현재 샤리아사법체계는 1980년대 연방정부와 무슬림법조인들이 주도한 샤리아개혁을 통해 완성되었다. 종전의 샤리아법원은 일반법원에 비해 인적･물적 여건이 낙후되었으나 샤리아개혁을 통해 일반법원과 동일한 3심체계를 갖추고 샤리아판사와 법원직원의 수준을 일반법원과 동등하게 격상시켰다. 또한 각 주는 연방정부의 표준 샤리아법을 따라 각종 이슬람가족법, 이슬람행정법 등 조례를 제정함으로서 이슬람법을 체계화하여 사법의 이슬람화를 촉진시켰다. 경제적 우대정책을 통해 성장한 무슬림엘리트들이 주도한 샤리아개혁을 통해 이슬람사법제도를 근대적으로 혁신한 사례로 주목 받고 있으나 무슬림들이 일반법원과 샤리아법원의 이중구조 속에서 겪는 불이익의 문제는 해결하기 어려운 과제로 남아 있다.
Abstract
Malaysia is a Muslim country, which has a dual law system comprised of civil and Islamic laws(Syariah). Although Malaysia has English law background since colonial times, it has kept and developed Islamic laws. Every state(negeri) has a autonomous Syariah court(Mahkamah Syariah) system, and also every state has the Syariah Appeal Court, Syariah High Court, and Syariah Subordinate Court as civil courts system according to the Federal Constitution. The Syariah Courts have two jurisdiction over civil areas such as marriage, inheritance, and zakat, and also over crimes who violate Syariah. The judges of Syariah court are called 'hakim' who are appointed by Sultan or King(Yang Di-Pertuan Agong). The contemporary Syariah law system of Malaysia has been completed by the federal government and Muslim lawyers who educated in law school of public universities through the Syariah reform in 1980s. The Syariah courts was backward in modernization from human resources and physical point of view before 1980s. Therefore, the Syariah reform leaded by the UMNO government has upgraded Syariah courts system to the same rank with civil courts for example introduction of the thirtieth, better treatment of judges and legal officials. In addition, every state has legislated enactments(enakmen) about family law, Islamic administration law, and Syariah criminal law following the national standard Syariah act established by the federal government. It is a fact that Syariah reform led by Muslim elite has systemized Syariah law system of Malaysia and has promoted Islamization of justice system. Meanwhile, it is dilemma that the disadvantage of Malaysian Muslims is left unsettled on the double structure of civil courts and Syariah court.
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