분원 관요에 대한 재론: 명칭과 설치시기의 연구사적 검토

Abstract

Bunwon Gwanyo[government kiln] of Saongwon is a core and underlying subject of research in the study of the history of ceramics in Joseon Dynasty. That's because it is possible to draw several detail subjects such as the periodization, the style of ceramics, the government post, and the names of Gwanyo, etc. through studying Bunwon Gwanyo. Furthermore the study on Bunwon Gwanyo is essential for understanding the royal policies and the culture and daily life in Joseon Dynasty. As is well-known, Bunwon Gwanyo was established at Kwangju in Gyeonggi-do Province and managed to produce ceramics for royal family, palace, and central government till privatization in 1884 in Joseon Dynasty. Thus the organization of Gwanyo for the production and the style of ceramics was sure to be under the influence of the national policy, directly or indirectly. Gwanyo began to produce the royal and palace ceramics in quantity, and the refined style in quality. Also there was a change in the production trend from Buncheong to white porcelain. From the establishment of Gwanyo, white porcelain became to prevail, whereas Buncheong was on the decline. Therefore this paper aims to organize and unify the concept, name and the time of the establishment of Bunwon Gwanyo by looking into the various and common theory of the academic research papers. Also the academic publications on Bunwon Gwanyo published from 1960s to 2010s such as excavation reports, academic symposiums, special exhibitions of Bunwon Gwanyo have been examined in a chronological order. The period to be surveyed is from the establishment till the privatization of Bunwon Gwanyo in Joseon Dynasty. The academic publications or results on Bunwon Gwanyo have mostly accumulated by the excavations and the special exhibitions of Naional Museum of Korea, National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage, Gyeonggi Provincial Museum, Gyeonggi Ceramic Museum(former Gwangju Joseon Royal Kiln Museum), Ewha Womans University Museum, Haegang Ceramics Museum. The most active period of academic research was the 1990s and 2000s, but the 1st half of the 2010s has tended to be inactive. The most important or datable sherds from the site of Gwanyo are white porcelain with the inscriptions of 'Naeyong(內用)', 'Gyenyang (見樣)' 'jwa(左)', ‘u(右)’, the sexagenary cycle, number, Chinese era name, and the inscriptions by stippler, etc. In addition, blue and white porcelain with design of cheonma(a horse with wings), and of dragon and clouds. The study on the chronology and the style of Gwanyo ceramics have been based on these datable sherds. According to main academic journals and books, the concept and name of Bunwon has been defined as the largest and the only representative government kiln in scale, and Bunwon was established by Saongwon from the early Joseon Dynasty. In other words, Buwon was the kiln established by Saongwon, a body of central government in Joseon Dynasty, which was shortened as 'Bunwon of Bonwon Saongwon'. As well, Gwangju Bunwon, Gwangju Bunwon Gwanyo, Gwangju Sagiso, Gwangju beonjoso, Gwangju Jagiso, Bunwon beonjoso are the names from the Joseon Dynasty. According to government historical sources of the Joseon Dynasty, Beonjoso and Jagiso mainly indicated Gwangju Bunwon Gwanyo. On the contrary, Sagiso was the very extensive and common name for the kilns in the country. As well, I have advocated the time of establishing Bunwon Gwanyo as between April and December, 1467(footnote 18).