형사절차에 있어 목격자 등의 범인식별에 미치는 부정적 요인들에 대한 분석
An Analysis of the Negative Elements of Offender Identification by Witnesses in Criminal Procedure
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형사절차에서 목격자 등에 의한 범인식별진술은 직접증거로서 법관의 심증형성에 결정적인 영향을 미칠 수 있다. 그런데 범인식별은 불완전한 존재인 한 개인의 기억과 내적 판단에 전적으로 의존하기 때문에 물증과는 달리 착오의 가능성이 상존한다. 목격자 등이 범인을 식별하는 심리적 과정은 최초 대상의 인식-인식된 정보의 유지-기억의 재생 및 대조의 세 단계로 구분된다. 그리고 각 단계별로 부정적인 영향을 미치는 요인들이 존재한다. 부정적 영향요소들은 ①범인관련적 요소와 ②목격자관련적 요소, 그리고 ③상황관련적 요소로 구분된다. 이를 세분하면 다음과 같다. ①범인이 특이한 외관과 음성을 갖고 있거나 변장 혹은 음성을 위조한 경우, 그리고 외국인인 경우 ②목격자 등이 수사기관에 대한 믿음이나 범인지목에 대한 부담을 가지거나, 목격ㆍ청취 당시 낮은 주의도 혹은 불안정한 육체적ㆍ심리적 상태에 있었던 경우, 알코올ㆍ마약을 섭취한 경우, 기타 목격자의 지능ㆍ직업ㆍ나이 ③목격 당시 범인ㆍ범행현장과의 거리, 인지에 소요된 시간, 범행당시의 조명상태, 목격한 범죄의 중대성, 무기의 휴대여부, 주위의 소음, 범인식별까지의 시간적 간격, 범인식별 전에 행해진 인상착의의 진술, 목격 이후 취득한 범인에 대한 추가정보, 그리고 반복되는 식별절차 등이 모두 범인식별에 부정적 영향을 미칠 수 있다. 판례는 이러한 부정적 영향요소들은 단순히 증명력의 문제로 다루는 경향이 있는데 이는 재고를 요한다. ①특별한 신뢰상태가 인정되는 범인식별진술 중에서도 ②그것이 유일한 증거가 아닌(보강증거가 있는) 경우에만 증거능력을 인정하는 방향으로의 입장전환이 필요하다. 법ㆍ이론적 또는 제도적 뒷받침도 필요하다. 수사기관은 용의자와의 단독면접은 원칙적으로 금하고 복수면접을 제도화하고 일체의 암시를 배제해야 한다. 법원은 범인식별진술의 신뢰도를 의심할 만한 사정이 있는 경우 의무적으로 전문가 감정을 실시해야 한다. 또한 범인식별의 신뢰도 향상방안의 모색에 있어서도 심리학, 사회학 기타 행동과학분야의 연구결과를 적극 반영해야 할 것이다.
Abstract
In criminal procedure the identification statement by witness performs an important role in the formation of judicial conviction. Since early doubts about the reliability of the ability of person recognition by witnesses existed. For this reason since 1970s worldwide increased psychological researches about this matter and a number of negative factors in recognition by witnesses discovered. Basically the recognition procedure can be devided into three phases: the perception phase, the keeping phase, and the retrieval phase. In each phase of these psychological procedure there is possibility of memory distortion, which can be caused by the presence of certain factors like offender-, witness-, and situation factors. As offender factor general abnormalities of the offender, change of the appearance before or after the crime, adjustment of the voice and the ethnicity of the perpetrator play an important role. Also the witness has the factors which may affect the reliability of re-identification procedure positively or negatively. Be considered in particular, the expectations of the witness on the result of police investigation, the intelligence and the occupation of witnesses as well as its age and possible intoxication during the perception phase. Furthermore the situational factors have influence on the reliability of the re-identification procedure. Therefore the courts should be careful about that and better rely from now on in its judgement not on customary judical practice, but on the for years accumulated knowledge and experiments.
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