민족주의와 지역주의: 동북아 지역통합의 저발전
Nationalism and Regionalism: Underdevelopment of Regional Integration in Northeast Asia
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오늘날 지역주의(regionalism)의 강화는 전 세계적인 추세임에도 불구하고, 상대적으로 동북아에서는 저발전 상태에 머물러 있다. 이와 관련해 동북아에 뿌리 깊게 존재하는 민족주의가 역내 지역통합의 최대 걸림돌로 지적 받고 있다. 동북아 각국에서 민족주의는 정치적 정당성의 중요한 근거인데, 지역주의는 주권과 문화독특성을 강조하는 민족주의 가치를 훼손할 가능성이 있으며, 따라서 지역주의는 정치적 정당성 확보를 위해 거부되거나 아니면 립서비스의 대상에 머무르게 된다는 것이다. 만일 민족주의가 동북아 지역통합의 최대 걸림돌이라면 동북아 지역통합의 향후 전망은 낙관하기 어렵다. 민족주의와 같은 문화적 정체성은 변화에 오랜 시간이 걸리는 한편 쉽게 정치적 동원의 대상이 될 수 있어 오랜 기간의 노력에 따른 화해와 협력의 분위기를 일거에 반전시킬 수 있는 위력을 갖기 때문이다. 따라서 동북아 지역통합을 달성하기 위해서는 타자화와 상호배타성을 근간으로 하는 민족주의 구성을 지양하고 동북아 담론, 즉 동북아 지역과 제도에 대한 적극적인 상상이 지속되어야 한다. 그러한 상상을 통해 동북아의 정체성을 형성하고 이를 바탕으로 동북아 공동체의 구축을 추구할 수 있을 것이기 때문이다.
Abstract
In Northeast Asia, nationalism is said to be the biggest stumbling block to regional integration. In the countries in this region, nationalism is seen as an essential source of political legitimacy. Due to the possibility that regionalism could compromise nationalist values such as sovereignty and autonomy of nation-states, it is rejected outright or often becomes an object of lip services among Northeast Asian countries. If nationalism really inhibits regional integration, the prospect for regionalism is not very bright in this region because cultural identity such as nationalism takes a long time to change and it could be easily mobilized as a convenient political ideology only to reverse the cooperative mood among states that have been built up for a significant period of time. To overcome exclusive nationalism and to make regional integration possible in Northeast Asia, therefore, the discourses on Northeast Asia should be encouraged and the imagination about the Northeast Asian Community promoted. Through such discourse and imagination, construction of a Northeast Asian identity would be possible on the basis of which the Northeast Asia community could be constructed.
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