朝鮮後期 光海君~顯宗代 輪對制 운영과 輪對武臣制

Abstract

YunDae is a system from the Joseon Dynasty that involves gathering opinions from administrative practitioners to be reflected in state affairs. It began during the reign of King Sejong. However, from the late Joseon period, specifically from King Gwanghae to King Hyojong, the system did not show as much activity compared to the early Joseon period. The fact that state affairs were operated not centered on the king but on the courtiers had a significant impact. Factors such as the occurrence of crises and political confrontations between the East and West are considered reasons why the YunDae system was not actively implemented. More importantly, it is speculated that the courtiers’ methods of resolving various issues were not proactive but rather formalistic. The YunDae system, which was halted during the reign of King Seonjo and reinstated, was not implemented again during the reign of King Gwanghae. It disregarded the recommendations from the courtiers and the reinstatement of the YunDae system. After the Injo Restoration, figures like Yeonguijeong Yi Won-ik stated that the most urgent matter to be addressed was the restoration of the YunDae system. However, even during the Injo period, due to political fluctuations like the Ihwak and Jeongmyo Revolts, the YunDae system was not active. During King Hyojong’s reign, in an effort to strengthen royal authority through the Northern Expansion Policy, initial measures were taken to expand the voice of the courtiers. A distinctive feature of King Hyojong’s reign was the implementation of the YunDae-Mushin system, where the YunDae was participated in by military officials in the Gyengyeon. Like appointing the Mushin, Yu Hyeok-yeon, as Seungji, the YunDae-Mushin system was introduced to discuss military matters for the Northern Expansion. Generally, the YunDae system was distributed across administration, politics, and military affairs. However, during King Hyojong’s reign, despite the presence of the Gyengyeon, the YunDae was also on the decline. The courtiers advocated for its implementation, but it remained merely formalistic. In the late Joseon period, from King Gwanghae to King Hyojong, the YunDae system was notably less frequently implemented compared to the early Joseon period. However, the king-centered King Hyojong actively operated both the general YunDae system and the YunDae-Mushin system, significantly contributing to the formulation of national defense policies for Northern Expansion.