본문 바로가기
KERD
논문KCI 등재

Physical Elements of Rape in the Crime Legislation of Bangladesh, India, Australia and the United Kingdom: An Appraisal

Sheikh M Solaiman
한국법제연구원 (Korea Legislation Research Institute)|2022.05|Korea Legislation Research Institute Journal of Law and Legislation|제12권 제1호|pp. 73-130|DOI 10.22851/kjll.2022.12.1.003

0

조회

0

다운로드

0

인용

0

참고문헌

키워드

IndiaUnited KingdomAustraliaRapeBangladeshConsentActus Reus
주제분류법학

초록

Sexual crimes are prevalent worldwide, however, some countries are more affected than others. Rape is rampant in Bangladesh and India, which are reliant on their 1860 colonial legislation with no or some modifications. Their laws are examined viewing through their modern equivalents in New South Wales, Australia (NSW) and the United Kingdom, with a view to identifying weaknesses mainly in the laws of Bangladesh. Findings suggest that Bangladesh needs a radical overhaul of its rape law, and the laws of India, the United Kingdom and NSW are also deficient in some respects. Notably, NSW has further modernised its law in December 2021, which proffers timely guidance for others on how to address their legal inadequacies in combating rape. In analysing the issues involved, we will pay due attention to the 2021 changes made in NSW. It concludes with specific recommendations to reform laws relating to actus reus including consent elements of rape primarily in Bangladesh, however, some recommendations apply to other jurisdictions as well, which will be succinctly mentioned where appropriate.

Abstract

Sexual crimes are prevalent worldwide, however, some countries are more affected than others. Rape is rampant in Bangladesh and India, which are reliant on their 1860 colonial legislation with no or some modifications. Their laws are examined viewing through their modern equivalents in New South Wales, Australia (NSW) and the United Kingdom, with a view to identifying weaknesses mainly in the laws of Bangladesh. Findings suggest that Bangladesh needs a radical overhaul of its rape law, and the laws of India, the United Kingdom and NSW are also deficient in some respects. Notably, NSW has further modernised its law in December 2021, which proffers timely guidance for others on how to address their legal inadequacies in combating rape. In analysing the issues involved, we will pay due attention to the 2021 changes made in NSW. It concludes with specific recommendations to reform laws relating to actus reus including consent elements of rape primarily in Bangladesh, however, some recommendations apply to other jurisdictions as well, which will be succinctly mentioned where appropriate.

참고문헌 (130)

  1. Ali, N, "Rape in Rural Bangladesh", Delta Med. Coll. J, 3(1), pp.31~ (2015)
  2. "India: New Sexual Violence Law Has Both Positive and Regressive Provisions" (2013)[URL]
  3. "Marriage Equality in Australia"[URL]
  4. "Consent (2010)"[URL]
  5. "Bangladesh’s Prime Minister Calls Out the Hypocrisy of Rich Nations Critiquing Her Child Marriage Policies" (2017)[URL]
  6. Bennett, T., "Consent Interruptus: Rape Law and Cases of Initial Consent", Flinders J.L, 19, pp.145~ (2017)
  7. Peace & World Affairs, World Faiths Development Dialogue, "Berkley Center for Religion", Centre for Peace and Justice, ~, pp.Policy Brief #27
  8. Black, H.C., "Black’s Law Dictionary" (1990), West Publishing Co
  9. Brewis, B., "The Meaning of ‘Reasonable Belief in Consent’ under the Sexual Offences Act 2003 and the Admissibility of Bad Character Evidence under the Criminal Justice Act 2003", J. Crim. L, 84(5), pp.508~ (2020)[DOI]
  10. Brown, D., "Criminal Laws" (2020), Alexandria-NSW: Federation Press
  11. Buchhandler-Raphael, M., "The Failure of Consent : Re-Conceptualizing Rape as Sexual Abuse of Power", Mich. J. Gender & L, 18, pp.147~ (2011)
  12. Burghardt, B., "Sexual Violence and Criminal Justice in the 21st Century", German L. J, 22, pp.691~ (2021)
  13. Catherine Elliott, C., "The Case for a Rational Reconstruction of Consent in Criminal Law", Mod. L. Rev, 70, pp.225~ (2007)
  14. "Bangladesh Faces a Silent Rape Crisis Despite Recent Government Approval of Death Penalty for Sex Crimes" (2020)[URL]
  15. Chivers-Wilson, K.A., "Sexual Assault and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Review of the Biological, Psychological and Sociological Factors and Treatments", McGill J. Med, 9(2), pp.111~ (2006)
  16. Criminal Justice Sexual Offences Taskforce (Attorney General’s Department (NSW), "Responding to Sexual Assault: The Way Forward", ~ (2005)
  17. Dash, P.P, "Rape Adjudication in India in The Aftermath of Criminal Law Amendment Act, 2013: Findings from Trial Courts of Delhi", Indian L. R, 4(2), pp.244~ (2020)
  18. Dewan, M.F.I., "Op-Ed: Living with Your Rapist, Dhaka Tribune, Bangladesh", Op-Ed, ~ (2020)
  19. Dhonchak, A., "Standard of Consent in Rape Law in India : Towards an Affirmative Standard", Berkeley J. Gender L. & Just, 34, pp.29~ (2019)
  20. Elvin, J., "The Concept of Consent under the Sexual Offences Act 2003", J. Crim. L, 72, pp.519~ (2008)[DOI]
  21. Estrich, S., "Rape", Yale L.J, 95, pp.1087~ (1986)
  22. Fariha, T.N., "‘Unrecognised Male Rape Victims’ New Age, Bangladesh", Opinion, ~ (2021)
  23. Ferzan, K. K., "Consent, Culpability, and the Law of Rape", Ohio St. J. Crim. L, 13, pp.397~ (2016)
  24. "Why Do Some Men Use Violence Against Women and How Can We Prevent It?" (2013)[URL]
  25. Garg, A., "Consent, Conjugality and Crime: Hegemonic Constructions of Rape Laws in India", Soc. Leg. Stud, 28(6), pp.737~ (2019)
  26. Ghosh, A., "Criminalisation of Marital Rape in India ─ A Boon or A Bane", Int. J. Law Manag. Humanities, 3(4), pp.1084~ (2020)
  27. Ghosh, S., "The Treatment of Sexual Violence in India", Warwick Student L. Rev, 3, pp.41~ (2013)
  28. Glendinning, I., "Should Mistaken Consent Still Be Consent? In Defence of an Incremental Understanding of Consent in the Sexual Offences Act 2003", J. Crim. L, 85(3), pp.223~ (2021)[DOI]
  29. "The Dangers of the New Child Marriage Law in Bangladesh, Aljazeera"[URL]
  30. Hammond, L, "Perceptions of Male Rape and Sexual Assault in a Male Sample from the United Kingdom: Barriers to Reporting and the Impacts of Victimization", J. Investig. Psych. Offender Profil, 14(2), pp.133~ (2017)
  31. Herring, J., "Criminal Law: Text, Cases, and Materials" (2014), Oxford University Press
  32. Islam, S. I., "An Overview of the Existent Rape Laws in Bangladesh: Need for Urgent Reformation and Change", Green U. Rev. Soc. Sci, 5(2), pp.45~ (2019)
  33. Jahan, M.N., "Analysing Child Rape in Bangladesh: A Socio-Legal Perspective", Int’l. Annals Criminol., 58, pp.19~ (2020)
  34. Jonathan Crowe, J., "Intimidation, Consent and the Role of Holistic Judgments in an Australian Rape Law", U.W. Austl. L. Rev, 42, pp.136~ (2017)
  35. "Sexual Assault Trials Handbook─Offences"[URL]
  36. Kethineni, S., "Special Courts and Protection of Children from Sexual Offenses in India, 2018", Crim. Just. Issues, 2018(5-6), pp.189~ (2018)
  37. "Criminal Law - Consent in the Criminal Law- Consultation Paper No. 139"[URL]
  38. "Carnal Knowledge" (2020)[URL]
  39. Loh, W.D., "The Impact of Common Law and Reform Rape Statutes on Prosecution: An Empirical Study", Wash. L. Rev, 55, pp.543~ (1980)
  40. Lutz-Priefert, M., "A Call for a More Permanent International Definition of Rape", Creighton Int’l. & Com. L. J, 6, pp.85~ (2015)
  41. MacKinnon, C.A., "Rape Redefined", Harv. L. & Pol’y Rev, 10, pp.431~ (2016)
  42. Makkar, S., "Marital Rape: A Non-criminalized Crime in India", Harv. Hum. Rts. J, 32 (2019)
  43. Mamun, F. A., "Sexual Violence and Rapes’ Increment during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Bangladesh", EClinicalMedicine, 34, pp.100817~ (2021)[DOI]
  44. Mason, G., "Sexual Assault Law and Community Education: A Case Study of New South Wales, Australia", Aust. J. Soc. Issues, 56(3), pp.409~ (2021)
  45. Masters, W.H., "Sexual Dysfunction as an Aftermath of Sexual Assault of Men by Women", J. Sex Marital Ther, 12(1), pp.35~ (1986)
  46. Model Criminal Code Officers Committee–Standing Committee of Attorneys-General, "Model Criminal Code—Chapter 5: Sexual Offences against the Person", ~ (1999)
  47. "Model Penal Code: Sexual Assault and Related Offenses 29 (Am. Law. Inst., Discussion Draft No. 2, 2015)"[URL]
  48. Consent in Relation to Sexual Offences, "NSW Law Reform Commission", ~, pp.Report 148 (2020)
  49. Nygh, P.E, "Butterworths Australian Legal Dictionary" (1997), Butterworth
  50. Qureshi, H, "Rape Myth Acceptance among College Students in India: Prevalence and Predictors in a Changing Context", Deviant Behav, 42(8), pp.1043~ (2021)
  51. Reitz, J.C., "Comparative Law in the United States Today: Distinctiveness, Quality, and Tradition’", Am. J. Com. L, 46, pp.617~ (1998)
  52. "Crimes against Women Saw Over 63% Rise in 2021 So Far"[URL]
  53. Report to the High Court, 30 Thousand 272 Rape Cases in 5 Years, "Reporter, S.", ~ (2021)
  54. Robson, J, "Redrawing the Boundaries: The Adequacy of the Sexual Offences Act in Addressing Female Sexual Offending", J. Crim. L, 85(4), pp.253~ (2021)
  55. Rubenfeld, J., "The Riddle of Rape-by-Deception and the Myth of Sexual Autonomy", Yale L.J, 122, pp.1372~ (2013)
  56. Rumney, P.N.S., "Intoxicated Consent in Rape: Bree and Juror Decision-Making", Mod. L. Rev, 71, pp.279~ (2008)
  57. Russell, D.J., "The Necessary Intent in Rape D.P.P. v Morgan", Sydney L. Rev, 8(1), pp.196~ (1977)
  58. Sabit, M.R., "The Progressively Worsening Rape Epidemic in Bangladesh", Business Standard, ~ (2021)
  59. Safi, M., "Campaigners Celebrate as India Decriminalises Homosexuality", The Guardian, ~ (2018)
  60. Schulhofer, S. J., "Unwanted Sex: The Culture of Intimidation and the Failure of Law" (1998), Harvard University Press
  61. Shef, E. S., "Kinky Sex Gone Wrong: Legal Prosecutions Concerning Consent, Age Play, and Death via BDSM", Arch. Sex. Behav, 50, pp.761~ (2021)
  62. Shovon, S.I., "Does Sex with Inclination to Marriage amount to ‘Rape’?", The Independent, ~ (2020)
  63. Sjölin, C., "Ten years on: Consent under the Sexual Offences Act 2003", J Crim. L, 79(1), pp.20~ (2015)[DOI]
  64. Solaiman, S.M., "Investor Protection and Judicial Enforcement of Disclosure Regime in Bangladesh: A Critique", Comm. L. World Rev, 34(3), pp.229~ (2005)
  65. "NSW Government Proposes Historic Reforms to Sexual Consent Laws" (2021)[URL]
  66. Temkin, J., "The Sexual Offences Act 2003: (1) Rape, Sexual Assaults and the Problems of Consent", Crim L.R, pp.328~ (2004)[DOI]
  67. UK Home Office, "Protecting the Public, White Paper" (2002), HMSO
  68. UK Home Office, "Setting the Boundaries: Reforming the Law on Sex Offences, Vol. 1" (2000), HMSO
  69. "Explanatory Notes of the Sexual Offences Act 2003 (UKSOA2003)"[URL]
  70. UNHR Office of the High Commissioner, "Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women, G.A. Res. 48", 104, 1993
  71. United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs Division for the Advancement of Women, "Handbook for Legislation on Violence against Women", ~ (2009)
  72. Wertheimer, A., "Consent to Sexual Relations" (2003), Cambridge University Press
  73. "Age of Consent by Country 2021"[URL]
  74. "Child Marriage Restraint Act 2017 (Bangladesh)", ~ (2017)
  75. "Child Marriage Restraint Act 2017 (Bangladesh)", ~ (2017)
  76. "Constitution of Bangladesh", ~ (1972)
  77. "Constitution of India 1949", ~ (1949)
  78. "Crimes (Amendment) Act", NSW, ~ (1989)
  79. "Crimes (Sexual Assault) Amendment Act", NSW, ~ (1981)
  80. "Crimes Act", NSW, ~ (1900)
  81. "Crimes Amendment (Consent─ Sexual Offences) Act", NSW, ~ (2007)
  82. "Criminal Law (Amendment) Act 2013 (India)", ~ (2013)
  83. "Criminal Law (Amendment) Ordinance 2013 (India)", ~ (2013)
  84. "Indian Penal Code 1860 (India)", ~ (1860)
  85. "Marriage (Same Sex Couples) Act 2013 (UK)", ~ (2013)
  86. "Marriage Act 1961 (Cth, Australia)", ~ (1961)
  87. "Michigan Compiled Laws", ~ (2005)
  88. "Penal Code 1860 (Bangladesh)", ~ (1860)
  89. "Penal Code 1871 (Singapore)", ~ (1871)
  90. "Sexual Offences Act 2003 (UK)", ~ (2003)
  91. "Washington Revised Code", ~ (2006)
  92. , 2011
  93. , 2015
  94. "De Armond v State, 285 P.2d 236 (Okla. 1955)", ~ (1955)
  95. "DPP (NT) v WJI 219 CLR 43 (2004)", ~ (2004)
  96. UKHL 3, , 1975
  97. "Hanif Sheikh v Asia Begum 27 CLC (HCD) (1998)", ~ (1998)
  98. , 2020
  99. "Johnson v State 921 So. 2d 490 (Fla. 2005)", ~ (2005)
  100. , 2011
  101. , 2011
  102. "Kreag v Authes 28 N.E. 773 (Ind. App. 1891)", ~ (1891)
  103. "McClellan v Allstate Ins. Co., 247 A.2d 58 (D.C. 1968)", ~ (1968)
  104. "Navtej Singh Johar v Union of India Writ Petition (Criminal) No. 76 of 2016 (date of Judgment Sep. 6, 2018)"[URL]
  105. "Papadimitropoulos v The Queen 98 CLR 249 (1957)", ~ (1957)
  106. , 2013
  107. , 2007
  108. , 2008
  109. , 2007
  110. , 2011
  111. "R v Corkin (No 2) 50 SASR 28 (1988)", ~ (1988)
  112. , 2008
  113. "R v Flattery 2 QBD 410 (1877)", ~ (1877)
  114. , 2007
  115. , 2007
  116. , 2007
  117. , 2013
  118. , 2013
  119. , 2020
  120. , 1995
  121. , 1998
  122. , 1982
  123. , 1993
  124. "R v Randall 55 SASR 447 (1991)", ~ (1991)
  125. , 2007
  126. , 2014
  127. "Safazuddin v The State 27 BLD (HCD) (2007)", ~ (2007)
  128. , 2004
  129. , 2013
  130. "Uday v State of Karnataka (Date of Judgment Feb. 19, 2003)"[URL]

관련 논문AI추천

The British Court Response and Perspective of Rape: Aspect of Critical Points최관국제지역연구원 · 아태연구2009 · 제16권 제1호Research on Unscripted Categorization of actus reus Elements of ‘Assault’ and ‘Intimidation’ in Various Crimes of Korean Criminal Act, Its Effect on Gender Disparity in Sex-related Offences and a Suggestion for Legislative Remedy진혜원한국법제연구원 · Korea Legislation Research Institute Journal of Law and Legislation2024 · 제14권 제1호DNA Evidence: Beyond Reasonable Doubt?Masuma Dil Afroz동북아학술저널연합 · Robotics & AI Ethics2019 · 제4권 제2호A Comparative Analysis of Four Countries:The Challenges to Effective Prevention and Response to Prison Sexual Assault박현나, 이세례아시아교정포럼 · 교정담론2022 · 제16권 제3호Feature of Rape and the Treatment of the British Police on Rape Victims: Aspect of Critical Points최관, 박현호한국경찰연구학회 · 한국경찰연구2008 · 제7권 제1호Comparative Studies on Rape Trauma Syndrome Evidence in Criminal Court and Its Implications이지나법학연구원 · 법학논고2023 · 제81호

이 간행물의 다른 논문 (4건)

The Development of International Law on State Immunity and the Need for the Legislation on Jurisdictional Immunities in Korea강병근pp. 9-35China’s Merger Control: Competition Assessment or Foreign Investment Screening?Alexandr Svetliciniipp. 37-72The Cost of Conservation – Nepal’s Conservation Efforts’ Impact on Indigenous CommunitiesSharad Kumar Sharmapp. 131-158Human Dignity in Context: For the Living, Dying and the Dead PersonPratyush Kumarpp. 159-201
원문 보기