가야금 정악보의 기보와 음역에 대한 연구 - 20세기 이후 발행된 악보를 중심으로 -

Abstract

Among various notation systems used to notate jeongak (court/classical music), yuljabo (music letter notation) is often used for gayageum. In yuljabo, the pitch range of yulja (music letter) is called cheongtak (淸濁). For instance, hwangjong (黃鍾) is written as 潢 and called cheonghwangjong (淸黃種) using the water radical (氵) derived from the character cheong from cheongseong (淸聲). On the other hand, when indicating the lower register, called baeseong (倍聲), it is written as 僙 using the person radical (亻), derived from the character bae from baeseong (倍聲), and called takhwangjong. However, it was unclear from where bae (倍) was derived. Through my research, I have found the origin of the character bae (倍). From the 48th Annals of King Sejo, I have located a written passage where it says “hasa (the fourth lower note, 下四) and hao (the fifth lower note, 下五) are baetakseong (倍濁聲).” Moreover, I have also found its origin from the process of making a pitch pipe for hwangjong: “When you cut a pitch pipe in half (半), you get an octave higher note, and when you make it twice (du bae, 2 倍) longer, you get an octave lower note.” Since the twentieth century, 11 jeong-ak (court/classical music) sheet music books for gayageum using yuljabo have been published and three different ranges are used to notate music: 㣴-仲, 僙-㳞, 黃-㴢. Among the four music books using a staff, two books use E♭2–A♭4 (㣴-仲), one book uses E♭3–A♭5 (㣴-仲), and another book uses E♭3–A♭5 (僙-㳞). After undergoing several changes since jeongak was first written on a staff in the 1920s, currently hwang (黃) = C4 in aak (ritual music) and hwang (黃) = E♭4 in hyangak (indigenous music). By measuring the actual pitch ranges of the major instruments (gayageum, geomungo, daegeum, piri, and haegeum) in playing jeongak, which is often played as an ensemble, I have found that the pitch range of the gayageum is E♭2–A♭4 and thus concluded that the proper written range for yuljabo is 㣴-仲. In conclusion, if we unify the terms related to jeongak and write music based on the actual pitch range of the instrument, the gayageum jeongak music books will be more logical and utilized more conveniently.