예술가 주도 젠트리피케이션의 신화 - 젠트리피케이션의 개척자로서 예술가 역할에 대한 비판적 고찰
The Myth of Artist-led Gentrification - A Critical Analyse on the Role of the Artist as a Pioneer of Gentrification
0
조회
0
다운로드
4
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
일반적으로 예술가는 젠트리피케이션의 개척자(pioneer)로서 인식되었다. 집값이 싸고, 쇠퇴한 동네에 들어온 예술가들이 지역을 창의적인 명소(名所)로 전환하는 선구자 역할을 함으로써 부동산 가격을 높이고 기존 거주자들의 전치(displacement)를 촉발하였기 때문이다. 예술가가 젠트리피케이션의 개척자 혹은 선구자로서 묘사되는 ‘예술가 주도 젠트리피케이션(artist-led gentrification)’은 젠트리피케이션의 지배적인 유형이자 자연스럽고, 당위적인 ‘신화’로서 작용해왔다. 그러나 젠트리피케이션 담론에서 예술가의 역할은 논쟁 중에 있으며, 예술가의 개척자 이미지에 대한 의문에도 불구하고 개척자 신화는 지속되고 있다. 본 연구의 목적은 젠트리피케이션에 있어서 예술가의 역할에 대해 재고함으로써 예술가 주도 젠트리피케이션의 신화에 비판적으로 접근하기 위한 것이다. 이를 위해 젠트리피케이션의 주요 문헌들에서 예술가 이미지의 재현과 맥락을 파악하고자 한다. 특히 이 연구는 만연한 개척자 이미지에 의해 묻혔던 젠트리피케이션의 공모자, 희생자로서의 예술가뿐만 아니라 저항가로서 예술가에 관한 연구들을 재발굴하려 한다. 요약하자면, 예술가의 역할과 맥락의 복합성을 고찰하는 본 연구는 젠트리피케이션의 개척자로서 예술가에 대한 탈신화화 작업이라 할 수 있다. 젠트리피케이션 문헌 속 예술가들은 개척자 외에 공모자, 희생자, 저항가로서 다층적이며, 양가적인 역할을 하는 것으로 재현되고 있다. 그럼에도 불구하고 자본주의 도시 이데올로기는 예술가를 개척자로서 신화함으로써, 의도적인 젠트리피케이션을 예술가에 의한 자연스러운 도시화의 과정으로 대체하려 한다. 예술가의 개척자 신화는 공간의 고유한 이미지와 정체성을 구축하고, 젠트리피케이션을 정당화하기 위한 시장 중심의 도시 정책과 깊은 연관이 있다. 반면 저항가로서의 예술가들은 안티-젠트리피케이션 행동주의에 참여함으로써 개척자 신화와 젠트리피케이션의 당위성, 지배적인 도시 공간과 사회질서에 도전하고 있다. 따라서 사회변화의 동력으로서 예술적 저항과 가능성에 주목할 필요가 있다. 본 연구의 의의는 젠트리피케이션 과정에 있어 예술가의 복잡하고, 다변적인 역할을 드러내는 동시에 대항-헤게모니적 예술 실천의 의미를 발견함으로써 젠트리피케이션과 예술가 간의 일반화된 신화적 관계를 전복하는데 있다.
Abstract
Generally, artist is perceived as a pioneer of gentrification; The incoming artist in a cheap and decline neighborhood has played the role as a frontier to transform the area into a creative attraction. This has caused the property price rises and the displacement of previous residents. Artist-led gentrification, which describes artist as a pioneer or frontier, has been a dominant gentrification form; It works as a natural and an inevitable ‘myth’. However, the roles of artists in the gentrification discourse are in contestation. And the artist’s image as a pioneer is in questions as well. But the myth of the artist as a pioneer has persisted. The aim of this paper is to critically examine the myth of artists-led gentrification by reconsidering artist’s role in gentrification process. This study explores the representation of the images of artists and their contexts from the major gentrification literature. Especially, this study revisits the literatures on artist as a complicit, a victim as well as a protester. These images of artists are buried due to the prevalent image of artist as a frontier. Briefly, this paper that examines the complex roles of artists and contexts, is an attempt to demystify the artist role as a pioneer of gentrification. In the literature, artists are represented playing complex and ambivalent role as a complicit, a victim, a protester as well as pioneer. Nevertheless, capitalist ideology mystify artist as a pioneer to replace an intended gentrification by a natural urbanization process. The myth of artist as a pioneer is deeply related with market centered urban planning to construct the authentic image and identity of a place. On the contrary, artists as protesters challenge the myth of the artist as a pioneer, the inevitability of gentrification, the dominant order of urban space and society by participating anti-gentrification activism. Therefore, we need to focus on artistic resistance and it’s possibility as an agent of social change. The signification of this study is to reveal the complex and changing roles of artists in the gentrification process. This paper also provides a way to subvert the perceived myth of gentrification and artist’s relationship by discovering the implications of counter-hegemonic art practices.
참고문헌 (43)
- 김지윤, "도시형 재난과 문화적 저항 : 테이크아웃드로잉의 안티-젠트리피케이션 운동을 중심으로", 공간과 사회, 26(3), pp.15~41 (2016), 한국공간환경학회[DOI]
- 이선영, "예술, 행동주의 그리고 도시: 테이크아웃드로잉의 젠트리피케이션 저항을 중심으로", 한국도시지리학회지, 19(2), pp.17~28 (2016), 한국도시지리학회[DOI]
- 데이비드 하비, "세계를 보는 눈" (2017), ㈜창비
- 롤랑 바르트, "현대의 신화" (1997), 동문선
- Bain, Alison L, "Constructing Contemporary Artistic Identities in Toronto", The Canadian Geographer, 47(3) (2003)
- Blasius, Jörg, "Pioneers and Gentrifiers in the Process of Gentrification", International Journal of Housing Policy, 16(1) (2016)
- Bonura, Carlo, "Cultural Activism and the Politics of Place-Making", Analysis of Urban Change, Theory, Action, 17(5) (2013)
- Cameron, Stuart, "Art, Gentrification and Regeneration- From Artist as Pioneer to Public Arts", European Journal of Housing Policy, 5(1) (2005)
- Casellas, Antònia, "Artists, Cultural Gentrification and Public Policy", Urbani Izziv Urban Challenge, 23(1) (2012)
- Cole, David B., "Artists and Urban Redevelopment", Geographical Review, 77(4), pp.391~407 (1987)
- Deutsche, Rosalyn, "The Fine Art of Gentrification", October, 31 (1984)
- Grodach, Carl, "Gentrification and the Artistic Dividend: The Role of the Arts in Neighborhood Change", Journal of the American Planning Association, 44(4) (2014)
- Harvey, David, "Rebel Cities: From the Right to the City to the Urban Revolution" (2012), Verso
- Lees, Loretta, "The Geography of Gentrification: Thinking through Comparative Urbanism", Progress in Human Geography, 36(7) (2012)
- Lees, Loretta, "Gentrification Research: New Directions and Critical Scholarship", Environment and Planning A, 36(7) (2004)
- Lees, Loretta, "Gentrification" (2008), Routledge
- Lees, Loretta, "The Gentrification Reader" (2010), Routledge
- Ley, David, "The New Middle Class and the Remaking of the Central City" (1996), Oxford University Press
- Ley, David, "Artists, Aestheticisation and the Field of Gentrification", Urban Studies, 40(12) (2003)
- Makagon, Daniel, "Bring on the Shock Troops: Artists and Gentrification in the Popular Press", Communication and Critical, 2010, pp.7(1), ~
- Markusen, Ann, "Creative Cities: A 10-Year Research Agenda", Journal of Urban Affairs, 36(2) (2014)
- Mathews, Vanessa, "Aestheticizing Space: Art, Gentrification and the City", Geogra phy Compass, 6(6) (2010)
- Miles. Malcome, "Limit to Culture: Urban Regenration vs. Dissent Art" (2015), Pluto Press
- Peck, Jamie, "Struggling with the Creative Class", International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 29(4) (2005)
- Pradel-Miquel, Mark, "Social Innovation and Economic Development in Two Neighbourhood of Berlin", City, Culture and Society, 8 (2017)
- Pritchard, Stephen, "Creative Placemaking: Research, Theory and Practice" (2018), Routledge
- Shkuda, Aaron, "The Lofts of SoHo: Gentrification, Art, and Industry in New York, 1950-1980" (2016), The University of Chicago Press
- Sholette, Gregory, "Delirium and Resistance: Activist Art and the Crisis of Capitalism" (2017), Pluto Press
- Sholette, Gregory, "Nature as an Icon of Urban Resistance: Artists, Gentrification and New York City's Lower East Side, 1979-1984", Afterimage, 25(2) (1997)
- Slater, Tom, "The New Blackwell Companion to the City" (2013), Wiley Back
- Slater, Tom, "The Eviction of Critical Perspectives from Gentrification Research", International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 30(4) (2006)
- Smith, Neil, "The New Urban Frontier: Gentrification and the Revanchist City" (1996), Routledge
- Smith, Neil, "Toward a Theory of Gentrification A Back to the City Movement by Capital, not People", Journal of the American Planning Association, 45(4) (1979)
- Smith, Neil, "Gentrification and Uneven Developement", Economic Geography, 58(2) (1982)
- Smith, Neil, "New Globalism, New Urbanism : Gentrification as Global Urban Strategy", Antipode, 34(3) (2002)
- Smith, Neil, "The New Urban Frontier: Gentrification and the Revanchist City" (1996), Routledge
- Smith, Neil, "The Changing State of Gentrification", Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie, 92(4) (2001)
- Smith, Neil, "The Reassertion of Economics: 1990s Gentrification in the Lower East Side", International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 23(4) (1999)
- Zukin, Sharon, "The Cultures of Cities" (1995), Blackwell
- Zukin, Sharon, "Loft Living: Culture and Capital in Urban Change" (1989), Rutgers University Press
- Zukin, Sharon, "The Cultures of Cities" (1995), Blackwell
- Zukin, Sharon, "The Life Cycle of New York’s Creative Districts", City, Culture and Society, 2(3) (2011)
- "B.H.A.A.A.D의 홈페이지"[URL]