『타트바상그라하』<外境考察의 章>에 나타나는 3종의 形象說 批判

Abstract

Śāntarakṣita's Tattvasaṃgraha is a very important work in the history of Buddhist thoughts, in which he is systemizing all theories of Indian philosophy on the basis of his Buddhist thought. Especially the 23th Chapter of <Inspecting the External Thing(Bahirarthaparīkṣā)> in Tattvasaṃgraha is dealing the problems of the relation between Vijñāna and Ākāra which are the important concepts in the history of Indian Buddhist Thoughts and later this chapter become the basis in writing Madhyamakālaṃkāra that is the representative work of Śāntarakṣita. In this chapter, the theories of Svasaṃveda and Vijñāptimatratā etc as the main teachings of Buddhist thoughts are presented and discussed and in debating the other thinkers, the 3 kinds of Ākāra is being argued. Ākāra is the cognitive object in perceiving the external things. Śāntarakṣita is saying that as this Ākāra is a nature of Cognition, therefore the perception is the Self-cognition of the Vijñāna. The 3 Ākāra theories under discussion are the Nirākāra theory, the Sākāra theory and the Anyākāra theory. The Nirākāra theory is not recognizing the Ākāra and in saying that, Śāntarakṣita is pointing out the difference from the standpoint of Ultimate(Mukhyatas) and Generality(Bhaktitas). From the respect of Ultimate which is recognizing that an Ākāra is having its own svabhāva, it is impossible to recognize the Ākāra because an Ākāra could not perceive the other Ākāra. Furthermore from the standpoint of Generality that is not recognizing the Ākāra, the perception will not work. And though it is recognized Ākāra as the cognitive object in the Sākāra theory, the difference between the oneness of Vijñāna and manifoldness of Ākāra will be occuring and furthermore the difference between the cognitiveness of Vijñāna and the materiality of Ākāra too. In the Anyākāra theory. the Ākāra as cognitive object is representing differently from the real external thing and this is not a correct perception too. Śāntarakṣita is proceeding with the arguments like these 3 Ākāra theories and proving the Svasaṃvedana and Vijñāptimatratā theories of Buddhist thought. These argumens of the Ākāra theories in the 23th chapter of Tattvasaṃgraha have the important effect in writing the Madhyamakālṃakāra and moreover provide the momentum in culminating Śāntarakṣita's philosophical thoughts.