상해 임정시기 여성 독립운동의 조직화와 특징

Abstract

Immediately after the establishment of a Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea in Shanghai in April 1919, Korean women in Shanghai founded the Patriotic Women's Association at Shanghai. Kim Soon-ae(김순애) served as the first President and led the Association. The main activities of the Korean Patriotic Women's Association were fundraising for the Korean independence movement, the development of Red Cross Society activities and nursing practices, communication and solidarity with other Korean patriotic women's associations in the world, support and sponsorship of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea, informing Chinese people on the Korean independence movement and Korean-Chinese relations, and distributing propaganda material on the 3‧1 Independence Movement Memorial Day and the National Humiliation Memorial Day. The main figures in the Patriotic Women's Association at Shanghai were Kim Soon-ae, Lee Hwa-sook(이화숙), Kim Won-gyeong(김원경), Oh Eui-soon(오의순) and Choi Hye-Soon(최혜순). They participated in the reconstruction of the Korea Red Cross Society in July 1919 and devoted their enthusiasm to membership recruitment and fundraising. In early 1920, the Korea Red Cross organized a Nursing Department in preparation for the independence war and shortages of medical manpower. The organization of the Red Cross Society and nursing training were the main concerns of the early Patriotic Women's Association at Shanghai. Kim Yeon-sil, Kim Won-Kyung, Lee Hwa-Sook, Kim Soon-ae, Oh Nam-Hee, and Lee Bong-Soon completed their training at the Korean Red Cross Society nursing school. The Patriotic Women's Association at Shanghai was recognized as a representative of women of the Shanghai Korean Community. The Moscow Far East People's Assembly(모스크바 극동인민대표회의), the National People's Congress(국민대표회의), and the Federation of Korean Organizations at Shanghai(상해한인각단체연합회). In the late 1920s, Korean Women’s Club, Korean women's association, and Korean Women's Youth Alliance were founded as women's organizations. Koreans abroad considered that education was every bit as important as politics (the independence movement), and thus established the “School of Humanity”(인성학교) run by the Korean Residents Association(대한인거류민단) at Shanghai. Chung Ae-kyung(정애경) and Kim Yeon-sil(김연실) were teachers at this school, and Kim Soon-ae served as a member of the school, teaching the next generation. Women also supported and funded the activities of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea. The appointment and activities of Maria Kim, Hanna Yang and Choi Hye-Soon as a member of the temporary senate(임시의정원) opened the door to legislature for women. Women also actively participated in the National Representative Conference, which decided on the direction of the independence movement. Kim Soon-ae insisted on dismantling the Provisional Government to create a new independence movement guiding organization, while Maria Kim, Hanna Yang and Oh Eui-soon and the Patriotic Women's Association at Shanghai argued for expanding the Provisional Government. Kim Soon-ae, Maria Kim and Cha Gyung-sin was a graduate of Seoul Chungshin Women’s School(정신여학교), and Lee Hwa-sook was a modern woman(New Woman, 신여성) and a Christian who received modern education as a graduate of Ewha Womans School. It is noteworthy that the educated women defected to Shanghai with a sense of mission, founding or participating in organizations, and engaged in the independence movement. Kim Won-kyung was a member of the Korea Communist Party(고려공산당원). Kim Soon-ae, Kim Won-Kyung, Oh Eui-Soon, and Choi Hye-Soon grew up to be independence activists from independence activist's family, married independence activist husbands, and devoted themselves to the independence movement as independence activist couples. On the other hand, Lee Hwa-suk, Maria Kim, Kim Yeon-sil, Lee Bong-soon, and Cha Gyung-sin went to the United States as single women and most of them married overseas Koreans and settled in the United States. Even following this, they continued their independence movement activities by participating in the Korean Women's Patriotic League(대한여자애국단).