양차대전 사이의 영국 경제와 제국
British Economy and Empire during the Inter-War Years
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초록
신사적 자본주의론에 따르면, 양차대전 사이의 경제 침체기에 세계경제에서 차지하는 시티의 위상은 변하지 않았으며 정부의 경제정책도 시티의 이해를 반영하는 방향으로 전개되었다. 이 논문은 전간기 영국의 경제정책을 분석해 이러한 견해가 타당한지 살펴보려는 시도다. 이 시기 금본위제 복귀와 이탈, 제국 경제권 결성 시도는 시티의 경제적 이해를 직접 반영한다고 보기 어렵다. 그것은 금융자본 또는 산업자본의 구분을 넘어서 미국과 유럽 경제권의 틈 사이에서 영국 경제의 새로운 활로를 찾으려는 시도였다. 예컨대, 금본위제 복귀의 경우 시티 금융자본의 이해보다는 보수적이고 전통적인 제국 이데올로기를 반영했다고 할 수 있다. 오타와 제국경제회의의 관세인하 시도 또한 대공황기에 제국 역내무역을 강화해 경제 침체를 벗어나려는 시도였다. 더욱이 스털링 경제권에서 과세인하를 통해 무역을 촉진할 경우 신산업 분야는 오히려 수출경쟁력을 높일 수 있었다. 이 부문의 성과가 눈에 띄지 않는 것은 전통 수출산업에 비해 영국 제조업에서 차지하는 비중이 낮았기 때문이다. 그렇더라도 한 세대에 걸친 영국 경제의 전개과정은 결과적으로 시티 금융자본의 이해에 유리하게 작용한 것처럼 보인다. 이는 영국 수출산업의 침체와 신산업이 급속한 혁신을 이루지 못한 결과에 따른 것이다.
Abstract
Britain experienced a long slump during the inter-war years. The depression raised the rate of unemployment and made the staple industries increasingly worse. At that time the British government enforced some economic policies such as the return of the gold standard system, its abolition, and the strengthening of the sterling bloc based upon the networks of the empire. The situation of the British economy in the mid-1930s became better in comparison with that in the 1920s. P. J. Cain and A. G. Hopkins point out that most economic policies of the British government represented some interests of gentlemanly capitalists, expecially of financial capitalists in the City during the inter-war years. According to their explanation, the attitudes of the British government towards the gold standard or Ottawa Imperial Conference were deeply related to the intention of pound sterling’s protection, which was the embodiment of gentlemanly capitalism. But the hot debates around the gold standard in the 1920s show that staffs of the Bank of England and governmental officers (expecially Treasury officers) recommended the British government to join the American gold coins standard. Winston Churchill, the Exchequer at that time criticised their views, and decided to return the gold standard for the future prosperity of the empire and the strengthening of the empire networks. And the formation of the sterling bloc was also a result of rational selections of the government for escaping from the long slump. These selections were not influenced directly from the gentlemanly capitalists. In history, ‘intention’ must be discussed separately from ‘result.’ It seems to me that there are some exaggerations in Cain and Hopkins’ interpretation that most financial policies represented gentlemanly capitalists’ desires and intentions during the inter-war years But it is also true that those policies could be helpful for their capital-accumulation.
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