Should the Industrial Revolution Be the Landmark of “the Modern”? ―Three Approaches and a Critical Reconceptualization of Early Modern Global History―
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The twentieth-century historiography of early modern global history has been dominated by a narrative privileging economic causes for the rise of capitalism and the genesis of the Industrial Revolution. Yet recent approaches in global history have produced a more nuanced vision of how to understand global connections in the early modern era without falling into Eurocentrism or the East-West binary. This essay reviews three important conceptualizations of the early modern period proposed during the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries by Immanuel Wallerstein, Jack Goldstone, and Christopher Bayly. Wallerstein’s “world-system” proposes a Marxian model that emphasizes the genesis of capitalism in the Euro-American division of labor formed in the sixteenth century. Through the concept of “efflorescences,” Goldstone refutes conventional narratives of a linear progression from the early modern to the modern era, and argues that the properties of the modern world originated not in Europe, but in Britain. Finally, Bayly conceptualizes three stages of globalization underlining transcontinental concurrences in political, social, and cultural spheres. In appraising the strengths and weaknesses of these three models, this essay examines shifts in the focus of global history away from dogmatic economic determinism, and it considers these shifts’ implications for the formation of a more comprehensive and balanced understanding of the “early modern” period.
Abstract
The twentieth-century historiography of early modern global history has been dominated by a narrative privileging economic causes for the rise of capitalism and the genesis of the Industrial Revolution. Yet recent approaches in global history have produced a more nuanced vision of how to understand global connections in the early modern era without falling into Eurocentrism or the East-West binary. This essay reviews three important conceptualizations of the early modern period proposed during the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries by Immanuel Wallerstein, Jack Goldstone, and Christopher Bayly. Wallerstein’s “world-system” proposes a Marxian model that emphasizes the genesis of capitalism in the Euro-American division of labor formed in the sixteenth century. Through the concept of “efflorescences,” Goldstone refutes conventional narratives of a linear progression from the early modern to the modern era, and argues that the properties of the modern world originated not in Europe, but in Britain. Finally, Bayly conceptualizes three stages of globalization underlining transcontinental concurrences in political, social, and cultural spheres. In appraising the strengths and weaknesses of these three models, this essay examines shifts in the focus of global history away from dogmatic economic determinism, and it considers these shifts’ implications for the formation of a more comprehensive and balanced understanding of the “early modern” period.
참고문헌 (13)
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