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1830-50년대 영국 면공업 여성노동자의 정체성 형성 - 노동조합대연합과 공장개혁운동, 차티스트운동을 중심으로 -

Identification of Women Workers in the 1830-50s English Cotton Industry: with reference to the Grand National Consolidated Trades Union, the factory reform movement, and the Chartist movement

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영국사학회|2019.06|영국연구 (The Korean Journal of British Studies)|제41호|pp. 171-209|DOI 10.22852/kjbs..41.201906.171

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참고문헌

키워드

가정성여성노동운동domesticity노동조합대연합차티스트운동공장개혁운동시간단축운동(10시간운동)the female labour movementthe Grand National Consolidated Trades Unionthe Chartist movementthe factory reform movementthe Ten Hour movement
주제분류역사학

초록

1830-50년대 영국에서는 면공업을 중심으로 여성들이 노동시장에 유입되어 갔으며, 이들은 자신들의 노동조건을 개선하기 위한 노동운동에도 적극적으로 참가하고 있었다. 1830년대의 노동조합대연합 형성, 파업 등의 노동운동, 차티스트운동과 같은 노동자계급의 저항문화의 일부였던 여성들은 그 안에서 노동자로서의 정체성을 형성해 갔다. 그러나 당시 차티스트운동과 공장개혁운동은 성별분업과 남성부양자 이데올로기에 기반한 이상을 추구하고 있었고, 이로 인해 확산된 가정성을 중시하는 인식은 다른 한편으로 여성노동자들의 정체성에 영향을 주고 있었다. 1840년대 공장법은 그러한 이상을 반영하는 것으로, 여성의 노동시장 진출 증가라는 현실과 노동자계급의 이상 사이에는 괴리가 생겨났고, 이는 특히 기혼여성의 임금노동에 대한 부정적 인식으로 나타났다. 그러나 여성들은 노동자로서의 정체성을 완전히 포기하지 않았으며, 여성의 가정성을 중시하는 당시의 인식은 1870년대 이후 여성운동의 주된 비판의 대상이 되었다.

Abstract

This paper investigates how working-class women of English textile industries in the 1830-50s identified themselves from two aspects. On one side, as participants in the labour market, women workers identified themselves as wage-earners and became active supporters of labour struggles such as strikes. In the Grand National Consolidated Trades Union, the labour movement, and the Chartist movement, female workers also constituted part of working-class struggle as workers. On the other side, the ideology of separate gender spheres and male-breadwinner forced women to identify themselves as wives and mothers. Emphasizing female domesticity, the Chartist movement and the factory reform movement articulated an ideal of working-class families, which defined the public sphere (the labour market) as men’s and the private sphere (the home) as women’s. The ideal of male-breadwinner was reflected in the factory acts of the 1840s and, as a result, the status of women in the labour market became formally distinguished from that of men’s. A gap between the reality and the ideal of working-class shaped a difference between two identities of women, as workers and as wives/mothers, and led to negative perception about married women’s wage work. Despite the fact that women were discouraged to identify themselves as workers, females steadily forged their status in the labour market and paved the way for the feminist movement of the 1870s.

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