영국 근대초기 줄리어스 시저의 수용에 관한 고찰 ―셰익스피어의 『줄리어스 시저』와 시저의 『갈리아 전기』를 중심으로―
Julius Caesar in Early Modern England
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본 연구는 셰익스피어가 만들어낸 시저의 이미지를 넘어서 시저에 대한 풍부한 이해를 위해 셰익스피어가 『줄리어스 시저』를 집필할 당시 영국인들이 사이에 형성된 시저의 이미지를 고찰한다. 또한 이렇게 형상된 이미지에 대한 근대초기 영국인들의 태도를 역사적, 문화적 맥락 속에서 살펴보고자 한다. 근대초기 영국 사회에서 시저에 대한 대중적 관심은 우선 르네상스 휴머니즘 환경 속에서 『갈리아 전기』가 지닌 간결(simple)하고 평범(plain)한 문체 때문에 주된 라틴어 교재로 활용되었다는 사실에서 비롯되었다. 이 과정에서 시저의 『갈리아 전기』는 간결한 문체와 군인다운 특성을 동일시하는 특수한 사회, 문화적 환경 속에서 일반 대중들 사이에 시저에 대한 긍정적, 수용적 태도를 형성하였다. 이처럼 사회 전반에 걸쳐 형성된 시저의 남성적, 군사적 이미지에 대항하여 셰익스피어는 그의 무대에서 시저를 야심찬 비극의 주인공으로 그려냈다. 그러므로 셰익스피어가 만들어낸 시저의 부정적, 비판적 이미지를 넘어서기 위해서는 근대초기 영국에서 『갈리아 전기』가 어떻게 수용되었는지를 보다 복합적인 양상 속에서 살펴볼 필요가 있다.
Abstract
Despite the fact that Julius Caesar was one of most distinguished Roman military commanders, our understanding of Caesar has been prejudiced by the image of Caesar as a tragic politician from William Shakespeare’s play and its political implications. Before Shakespeare’s play, early moderners’ understanding of Caesar depended on a shared body of knowledge: knowledge of Scripture, of the Elizabethan church calendar and of a common typological vocabulary of sacred persons, events, and rituals. Therefore, it comes as no surprise that Caesar on the Shakespearean stage that this historical figure absorbing. This paper first analyzes the historical, political, and cultural contexts in which Shakespeare wrote a play about Caesar, in order to recover something of the significance and appeal of a historical Caesar and abolish the negative image of him from Shakespeare’s dramatization. After this, it argues that looking into the ways in which the late Elizabethans and early Jacobeans received Caesar for their own interests demonstrates that they involve a discourse about power, values, political systems, ideologies, and the military. In doing so, it argues that the development of the plain style allied with Caesar or soldier appealed to manliness and contributed to the development of the idea of expressing one’s emotions sincerely amongst the early modern English people. These circumstances contributed to forming the indifferent image of Caesar into a positive one. However, this paper further argues that repeated emphasis upon Caesar’s plain style and classical theme not only helped the early modern English people admit Caesar’s enduring legacy in military affairs, but also helped form the contemporary professional soldiers’ desire to regard Caesar’s Commentaries as an authoritative military literature. Such an attempt to explore the questions of how the early modern English people appropriated Caesar and his writing and of how Caesar and his writing captured their imagination helps enlarge our understanding of the historical figure.
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