월경(越境)의 경험 ―메리 워틀리 몬태규(Mary Wortley Montagu)의 여행과 정체성―
The Travel and Identity of Mary Wortley Montagu
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『터키 대사관 편지』로 널리 알려진 레이디 메리 워틀리 몬태규(Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, 1689-1762)는 대사의 아내로서 터키를 여행했고, 영국에 종두법을 소개했는가 하면 생애 후반부 22년을 해외에서 자발적 망명상태로 지냈던 독특한 이력을 지닌 여성이었다. 이 글은 그녀가 남긴 900통의 편지를 분석하여 그동안 주로 ‘페미니즘’과 ‘근대 초 오리엔탈리즘’의 두 축에서 고찰되어온 몬태규를 역사학의 장으로 끌어들이며 특히 18세기 여행이라는 맥락 속에서 살펴본 것이다. 몬태규의 편지는 같은 장소를 여행하던 여행자 집단 사이에도 다양한 여행의 경험과 정체성이 존재했음을 보여준다. 몬태규는 여행을 통해 고국에서 온 여행자를 돌보는 영국 귀부인으로서의 새로운 정체성을 지니게 되었던 한편 그랜드 투어리스트와 자신을 끊임없이 구별 지었다. 자신의 여행을 정해진 프로그램을 따르는 보통 여행자들과는 차별적인, 우월한 것으로 인식하는 과정에서 자유를 여행의 본질로 삼는 근대적 여행자의 모습이 나타나기도 한다. 또한 몬태규는 여행의 경험과 기록에서 진본성을 내세우며 당시 유행하던 여행문학 작가들과 자신을 구별 지으려 했다. 신분적 특권의식, 뛰어난 학식과 날카로운 지성, 풍부한 경험과 여성이라는 특수성, 나아가 장기체류라는 사실이 그녀의 여행을 독특한 것으로 만들었다. 몬태규의 사례는 이민자를 단일한 집단으로 상정하곤 하는 트랜스내셔널사 연구를 보다 입체적으로 보게 하는 단초가 될 것이다.
Abstract
Lady Mary Wortley Montagu (1689-1762) was an extraordinary figure in 18th century England. Born into a true family of aristocrats, she wrote sensational poem and essays, travelled to Turkey as wife to the British ambassador, introduced Ottoman practice of inoculation against smallpox, and later voluntarily exiled for 22 years to the Continent. Her celebrated letter was filled with energy, sophistication and intelligence. 18th century literary critics have scrutinized Montagu’s Turkish Embassy Letters, mostly with the perspectives of Feminism and Orientalism. This article, however, examines not only the Turkish Embassy Letters but also her lifelong correspondence, analyzing Montagu’s own definition of travel. Travel worked like a rite of passage for Montagu and she developed a new identity with the experience of travel--English aristocrat woman abroad. She eventually accepted the new role, hosting a variety of people from her homeland. But she constantly distinguished herself from such other travellers like Grand Tourist. She despised those travellers who had to follow the systemized program or fulfill the purpose of journey. In vogue of secular writings in 18th century literary market, the most popular genre of all was travelogue. Growing interest in the external world and the competition between travel literature brought about a problem of authentication. Montagu was conscious of other travel writers, and tried to secure the authenticity of her own experience and record. Montagu was the first European woman to witness the private lives of Islamic women, such as harem and public bath. With this gender agency, her stratum privilege, intelligence and prolonged sojourn enabled Montagu to claim her travel as a distinctive, superior one. Cultural dislocation fostered a productive relativism for Montagu and consequently allowed her to constitute a new subjectivity. Montagu enjoyed and was proud of her freedom of wondering which did not require a definite objective or destination. Scholars argue that travel became an expression of freedom and an escape from necessity and purpose only in modern times. Montagu, however, is one exceptional example who incarnated herself as a modern traveler in the age of Grand Tour.
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