제국을 위한 전신 vs. 공공재로서 전기―1914년 이전 영국 전기산업 발전에 미친 전신의 영향―
Submarine Cables for the Empire vs. Electricity for the Public ―The Influence of Submarine Telegraph Cables on the British electrical industry during 1870-1914―
0
조회
0
다운로드
1
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
20세기 초 영국의 전기 산업은 경쟁국 독일, 미국에 비해 뒤처졌다고 평가된다. 이에 대한 기존의 설명은 기술혁신에 실패한 기업가 실패설, 정부의 규제와 전문교육 부재 등을 강조하는 제도적 관점을 취했다. 특히 새로운 동력원으로서 전기 사용 확대와 미국식 전력 시스템의 수용을 당연시하고 영국 기업이 이를 실현하지 못한 이유를 찾는 데 중점을 두었다. 이 논문은 19세기 말에 영국의 전기 산업이 처한 독특한 맥락, 즉 해저 전신망을 통한 전신 산업의 상대적 강세와 엔지니어 집단의 역할, 기술 시스템의 관성의 영향을 강조한다. 영국 정부는 제국 경영을 위해 해저 전신망 발전을 지원했고 19세기말 국제전신에서 영국의 성공을 도왔다. 반면 전기는 공공재로 파악하여 독점 공급을 제한했다. 그 결과 전기조명 산업에서 전통적인 전신 엔지니어의 영향력이 오래 지속되었고 소규모 분산 전력공급이 주를 이루게 되었다. 이러한 초기 기술 시스템의 관성은 전기 산업 확장 시기에도 유지된 결과가 20세기 초 영국의 전기 산업의 모습이었다. 이러한 논의를 통해 19세기 말 20세기 초 영국의 전기 산업은 정치, 경제, 사회, 기술, 엔지니어 사회로 구성되는 종합 맥락의 상호작용의 결과물이었고, 이러한 맥락은 전기 산업이 본격 등장하기 전에 이미 만들어졌음을 보일 것이다.
Abstract
In the early 20th century, the British electrical industry lagged behind its competitors in the US and Germany concerned with the use of electricity, the supply system of electrical power and the number of big leading companies. Many scholars explained that it resulted froml ack of entrepreneurship, the Electrical Lighting Act, the absence of higher education in electrical engineering, cheap gas price, and so on. However, they did not notice the influence of the submarine telegraph cables, which British companies were dominant in the world until the World War I, on electrical industry. This paper makes 3 arguments on the development of the British electrical industry during 1870-1914. First, the British government supported telegraph companies to solve the technological problems because it needed efficient communication with colonies. The success of submarine telegraph cables influenced the early electrical industry in terms of investment and the status of telegraph engineers and electrical engineers. Second, the 1882 Electrical Lighting Act was applied only to the public supply of electricity and it did not prohibit companies from building a central station and providing electricity for private purposes. Therefore, the scattered small scale power stations owned by railways or other private providers were the result of technological choice rather than the result of the governmental regulation. Third, the tendency for trams and factories to build their own stations for electric power in 1890s could be a rational technological choice because technologies for such small scale power stations for low voltage were stable and available in Britain.
참고문헌 (37)
- Major Marindin’s Report on Inquiry into applications under Electric Lighting Acts 1882 & 1888 for provisional Orders & Licenses & Bill introduced by Metropolitan Electric Supply Co. 1889, , The Westminster City Archive stmaryleboneelectricsupply, ~ (1889)
- "The Honorable The Commissioners of Sewers of the City of London Reports on Electric Lighting", the Westminster City Archive stmaryleboneelectricsupply, Parcel 1, pp.1, 1879[DOI]
- "Notices of Provisional Orders, Licences etc", under Electric Lighting Act 1882 the Westminster City Archive, stmaryleboneelectricsupply, Parcel 1, pp.2 1882-1883, 1882[DOI]
- "Report of the Joint Committee appointed by the Lords of the Committee of the Privy Council for Trade and the Atlantic Telegraph Company", ~ (1861)
- "Report of the Proceedings at an informal meeting 1911", IET, 1, pp.2, 4 Memorandum and Articles of Association[DOI]
- "Engineering Education in London", Science, 14(347), pp.289~291 (1901)
- Aryton, William, "Some Remarks on the Technical Education of An Electrical Engineer", Journal of the Society of Telegraph Engineer and Electrician, 11, pp.389~398 (1882)
- Britoon, John A, "Showdown in South America: James Scrymser, John Pender, and the United States: British Cable Competition", The Business History Review, 78(1), pp.1~27 (2004)
- Brittain, James E, "The International Diffusion of Electrical Power Technology, 1870-1920", The Journal of Economic History, 34(1), pp.108~121 (1974)
- Byatt, I.C.R, "The British Electrical Industry 1875-1914:The Economic Returns of a New Technology" (1979), Clarendon Pr
- Cardew, Major P, "The Treatment, Regulation, and Control of Electric Supply", Journal of the Institute of Electrical Engineers, 19, pp.425~482 (1890)
- Cogan, Donard de, "Dr. E.O.W. Whitehouse and the 1858 Trans-atlantic cable", History of Technology, 10, pp.1~15 (1985)
- Crompton, R. E, "Reminiscences" (1928), Constable & Co. Ltd
- Edelstein, Michael, "Overseas Investment in the Age of High Imperialism: The United Kingdom, 1850-1914" (1982), Methuen
- Gorman, Mel, "Sir Willaim O'Shaughnessy, Lord Dalhousie, and the Establishment of the Telegraph System in India", Technology and Culture, 12(4), pp.581~601 (1971)
- Hannah, Leslie, "Electricity before Nationalisation: A Study of the Development of the Electricity Supply Industry in Britain to 1948" (1979), The Macmillan Press Ltd
- Hausman, William, "Global Electrification: Multinational Enterprise and International Finance in the History of Light and Power, 1878-2007" (2008), Cambridge Univ
- Headrick, Daniel R, "Submarine Telegraph Cables: Business and Politics, 1838-1939", Business History Review, 75, pp.543~578 (2001)
- Hong, Sungook, "Forging Scientific Electrical Engineering: John Armbrose Fleming and the Ferranti Effect", Isis, 86, pp.30~51 (1995)
- Hughes, Thomas P, "British Electrical Industry Lag, 1880-1888", Technology and Culture, 3(1), pp.27~44 (1964)
- Hughes, Thomas P, "Networks of Power: Electrification in Western Society 1889-1930" (1983), the Johns Hopkins Univ
- Hunt, Bruce, "Scientists, Engineers, and Wildman whitehouse: Measurement and Credibility in Early Cable Telegraphy", The British Journal for the History of Science, 29(2), pp.155~169 (1996)
- Kennedy, P. M, "Imperial Cable Communications and Strategy, 1870-1914", The English Historical Review, 86(341), pp.728~752 (1971)
- Morus, Iwan Rhy, "The Electric Ariel: Telegraphy and Commercial Culture in Early Victorian England", Victorian Studies, 39(3), pp.339~378 (1996)
- Peel, George, "The Nerves of Empire, In The Empire and the Century: A Series of Essays on Imperial Problems and Possibilities", pp.247~289 (1905), Murray
- Reader, W. J, "A History of the Institution of Electrical Engineers 1871-1971" (1987), Peter Peregrinus Ltd. on behalf of the IEE
- Shahvar, Soli, "Concession Hunting in the Age of Reform: British Companies and the Search for Government Guarantees; Telegraph Concessions through Ottoman Territories, 1855-58", Middle Eastern Studies, 38(4), pp.169~193 (2002)
- Siemens, Alexandre, "Inaugural Address", Journal of the Institute of Electrical Engineers, 23, pp.5~37 (1894)
- Siemens, William, "Inaugural Address", Journal of the Institution of Electrical Engineers, 23, pp.2~37 (1893)
- Siemens, William, "Inaugural Address", Journal of the Society of Telegraph Engineer, 1, pp.2~29 (1871)
- Smith, Crosbie, "Energy and Empre: A Biographical Study of Lord Kelvin" (1989), Cambridge University Press
- Southam, A. D, "Electrical Engineering As a Profession: How to Enter it and Guide to the Engineering Profession" (1895), Southam & Co
- Wilson, J. F, "Ferranti and the British Electrical Industry, 1864-1930" (1988), Manchester University Press
- Wilson, John E, "Lighting the Town: A Study of Management in the North West Gas Industry 1805-1880" (1991), Paul Chapman Publishing Ltd
- 박지향, "제국주의 신화와 현실" (2000), 서울대학교 출판부
- 이영석, "영국 경제의 쇠퇴와 영국 자본주의의 성격, 1870-1914", 경제와 사회, 27, pp.223~252 (1995)
- 홍성욱, "과학과 도제(徒弟) 사이에서: 19세기 영국의 공학교육 - 전기공학에서의 실험실 교육을 중심으로", 한국과학사학회지, 27(1), pp.1~32 (2005), 한국과학사학회