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영국의 자유사상 페미니즘에 관한 시론

An Essay of Freethought Feminism in England

배인성
영국사학회|2020.06|영국연구 (The Korean Journal of British Studies)|제43호|pp. 121-152|DOI 10.22852/kjbs..43.202006.121

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참고문헌

키워드

페미니즘Feminism세속주의Secularism자유사상Freethought오언주의엠마 마틴해리엇 로애니 베전트OwenismEmma MartinHarriet LawAnnie Besant.
주제분류역사학

초록

본 논문은 19세기 영국의 세속주의 운동에서 여성들의 활동에 주목하여 자유사상과 페미니즘의 상관관계를 조명한다. 19세기 영국은 영국 국교회가 지배하는 사회였음에도 불구하고 사회 내부에서 감지되는 종교 거부와 세속화의 현상들은 이 시대가 신앙의 위기였음을 드러내준다. 이성의 신뢰를 기반으로 한 자유사상은 기존의 권위에 맞서 진리, 도덕성, 사회적 쇄신을 위한 주요한 투쟁의 원칙으로 작동했다. 자유사상의 지적 조류는 19세기 초 오언주의자들을 중심으로 발전했으며 19세기 중반에는 ‘세속주의’라는 새로운 개념으로 확대되었다. 프랜시스 라이트, 엘리자 샤플즈, 엠마 마틴, 해리엇 로, 애니 베전트와 같은 자유사상가들은 사회가 부여한 젠더 역할에 의존하지 않고 ‘자유로운 탐구, 자유로운 연설, 자유로운 언론’의 원칙하에 여성화된 종교적, 도덕적 현안에 맞서 저항했다. 그들은 강연자, 저자, 저널리스트로서 공적 목소리를 내며 사회 제도들을 민주화하는 데 힘썼다. 이것은 평등하고 자유로운 세계를 실천하기 위한 세속주의 운동이 여성들에게 문을 개방했기 때문에 가능한 것이었다. 세속주의 운동은 독립적인 주체로서 새로운 여성상을 제시하며 여성 해방의 대의를 위해 힘쓴 ‘자유사상 페미니즘’과의 관계 속에서 이해할 수 있는 역사적 산물인 것이다.

Abstract

This paper examines the correlation between freethought and feminism by paying attention to women’s activities in the Secularist Movement in the 19th century. Although England was a society dominated by the Anglican Church, the phenomenon of religious rejection and secularization detected within the society revealed that this era was a crisis of faith. Freethought based on the trust of reason worked as a principle of major struggles for truth, morality and social reforms against existing cultural authorities. This intellectual tide of freethought developed through the Owenities in the early 19th century and expanded to a new concept of secularism in the mid-19th century. Freethinkers such as Frances Wright, Eliza Sharples, Emma Martin, Harriet Law and Annie Besant resisted femaleized religious and moral issues under the principles of ‘free inquiry, free speech and free press’, without relying on the gender roles imposed by the society. They were active in democratizing social institutions with competing voices as lecturers and journalists. This was possible because the secularist movement to practice an equal and free world opened its doors to women. The secularist movement was a historical product that can be understood in the relationship with Freethought feminism which presented new women’s image as an independent subject and worked for the cause of women’s emancipation.

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