사업체의 범죄피해 실태 및 피해취약성 요인
Crime against business in Korea and vulnerability factors
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1970년대 초 공식 범죄통계가 갖는 문제점을 보완하는 대안적인 자료수집방법으로 출발한 범죄피해조사는 이후 끊임없는 방법론적 개선을 통해서 가구 및 개인의 범죄피해의 수준과 정도를 측정하는 중요한 방법론으로 자리 잡았으며, 현재 많은 국가들이 정기적으로 범죄피해조사를 실시하고, 이를 공식적인 범죄통계자료와 함께 공표하고 있다. 국내에서도 1994년에 가구 및 개인을 대상으로 범죄피해조사가 전국적인 단위에서 실시된 이후 현재에 이르기까지 2년마다 한 번씩 정기적으로 실시되고 있었으나 사업체를 대상으로 한 범죄피해조사는 최근까지 주목을 받지 못하다가 2016년에 한국형사정책연구원에서 처음으로 사업체를 대상으로 한 범죄피해조사를 실시하였다. 본 논문에서는 2016년에 실시된 사업체 대상 범죄피해조사 자료를 활용하여 먼저 사업체에서 발생한 범죄피해실태를 피해자율(prevalence rate), 피해율(victimization rate), 피해의 집중(concentration)이라는 3가지 지표를 통해서 다차원적으로 분석해보고, 이러한 결과를 가구 및 개인 대상 범죄피해조사 및 외국의 사업체 대상 범죄피해조사 결과와 비교해봄으로써 우리나라의 사업체에서 발생하는 범죄피해수준을 가늠해보고자 한다. 그 다음은 범죄피해에 대한 설명 중의 하나인 기회이론(opportunity theory)에서 주요하게 다루고 있는 이론적인 변수들(근접성, 노출, 대상의 매력성, 보호자의 부재)을 중심으로 사업체의 범죄피해위험에 영향을 미치는 요인들을 탐색해보고자 한다. 이러한 작업은 기회이론이 좀 더 다양한 범죄유형과 맥락에서 적용되고 그 타당성이 입증되는지를 살펴봄으로써 기회이론의 일반화의 가능성에 기여할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다. 마지막으로 분석을 통해서 나타난 결과가 향후 사업체 대상 범죄예방정책과 상업범죄피해 조사방법론의 개발에 대해 갖는 함의를 살펴보았다.
Abstract
Since a nationwide criminal victimization survey on households and individuals was conducted in 1994, it has been conducted on a regular basis every two years until now. Unlike individuals and households, businesses that have been subject to criminal victim have not received much attention. However, it is very necessary to identify the current state, structure and related factors of the crime against business. Most crimes against businesses have not been reported, so the level of dark of figure is known to be high. In addition, even if reported, there is no item to check whether a victim of a crime is a business when compiling official criminal statistics, so the official crime statistics do not provide any information on crime against business. However, the foreign Business Crime Survey results consistently show that the crime against businesses is much more serious than that of households and individuals. Finally, the consequences of the crime victim not only directly affect the business, but also can affect the entire economy through the reduction of job opportunities that businesses offer to the community, as well as the cost of the damage transferred to the customer as part of the business cost. Fortunately, the first Businesses Crime Survey were conducted at the Korea Institute of Criminology in 2016. In this paper, I used Businesses Crime Survey data conducted in 2016 to analyze the crime against business through three indicators: prevalence rate, victimization rate and concentration. Also, by comparing these results with the results of crime victimization surveys for households and individuals and the results of foreign Business Crime Surveys, I want to assess the level of crime victimization occurring in Korean businesses. Next, I explore factors that affect a business's crime vulnerability, focusing on theoretical variables(proximity, exposure, target attractiveness, lack of guardianship) that are addressed primarily in the Opportunity theory, one of the explanations for crime victimization. To this end, the four variables of opportunity theory were operationally defined in accordance with the context of business crime victimization. Finally, I examine the implications for the development of crime prevention policies and future Business Crime Survey methodologies based on the results of the analysis of crime against businesses.
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