북위 불교사원지 출토 녹유기와에 대한 연구

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to examine, and gain a comprehensive understanding of, a collection of about 300 green-glazed roof tiles excavated at a Northern Wei temple site in the upper area of the Yungang Grottoes (numbers 33 to 45) in Shanxi Province, China. The main discussion is focused on three aspects of the artifacts, namely, their purpose, manufacturing techniques, and glazing. The roof tiles were discovered at the building site of a Buddhist temple that once stood above Yungang Grottoes nos. 33 to 45, suggesting that they were used on all the buildings of the temple. Green-glazed roof tiles were also unearthed at the Pingcheng palace site, providing tangible evidence to support an ancient record which states that green-glazed tiles were used on the palace’s shrine, Taiji Hall and Liuli Pavilion. The discoveries also suggest that in Northern Wei green-glazed roof tiles were used exclusively for special state buildings, such as imperial palaces and temples, during the Pingcheng period. The green-glazed roof tiles unearthed from the Yungang temple site were made using the ring-building technique together with tile molds. Traces of the use of a tile cutter and surface treatment reveal that the tiles were produced by a more elaborate and complex manufacturing process than that used to produce ordinary roof tiles. A closer examination of the tiles also revealed distinct features in terms of the clay and firing process used in their production. The body of the examined roof tiles is made of light gray clay with engobe slip, which appears to be very similar to kaolin. The surface is also marked by an even coating of green glaze, although there are numerous bubbles, suggesting that the tiles were completed after glost firing. The development of the green-glazing technique in Northern Wei demonstrated by these roof tiles is related with the ancient record that Da Yuezhi artisans produced “five-colored glassware” in Northern Wei. The use of green-glazed roof tiles for special structures such as the Yungang temple buildings can be traced back to the tradition established in the Han Dynasty (206 BC~220 AD), while the use of tile molds combined with the ring-building technique is traceable to the Han culture in Yecheng during the Sixteen Kingdoms Period, and the finger-tip impressions decorating the surface to the local tradition. Meanwhile, a new glazing technique is presumed to have arrived at Pingcheng from the Western Region. In conclusion, the green-glazed roof tiles of the Yungang temple site resulted from the combination of the local cultural achievements of Yecheng during the fourth and fifth centuries and new technology introduced from the Western Region. Although no discoveries have been made to show that the green-glazed roof tiles were used in Luoyang of Northern Wei, Eastern Wei (534~550) or Northern Qi (550~577), ancient records and tomb murals of these periods suggest that in these states roof tiles of the same type were used for state buildings and that their quality might have been comparable with the top-quality ceramic wares of the period. A sufficiently abundant quantity of Tang green-glazed roof tiles has been excavated at various archaeological sites of imperial palaces, temples and Tang Sancai kilns in Changan and Luoyang to show that even in the Tang period (618~907) green-glazed roof tiles were still being used exclusively for prestigious buildings, and that they were made using the ring-building technique with molds of the Southern and Northern Dynasties (420~589). Differences naturally emerged as the Tang tiles began to be decorated with Sancai glazing in a full-fledged manner and made of Kaolin clay and finished with glost firing. Tang roof tiles were then produced using a combination of the traditional shaping method and the newly introduced glazing technique. The use of the new green-glazing technique developed in Tang suggests the importance of the role played by artisans, such as Xia Zu from the Western Region, as recorded in ancient Chinese documents. The conclusion of this study is that the green-glazed roof tiles discovered at various tile and pottery kilns of Northern Wei during the Pingcheng and Tang periods were produced not at ordinary roof tile kilns but rather in kilns that were used to produce high-end ceramic wares.