명말 강남 사대부의 佛學 유행과 『嘉興大藏經』 開版
A Study on the Trend of Buddhist Studies in Jiangnan Scholar-officials and the Publication of Tripitaka Jiaxing in the Late Ming Dynasty
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This article studies the relationship between Buddhism and lay Buddhists focused on Tripitaka Jiaxing(嘉興藏) published by civil area in the Late Ming Dynasty. The compilation work was led by Master Zibai(紫栢) and his disciples, Mizang(密藏) and Huanyu(幻余), and was supported by lay Buddhists (居士) in Jiangnan(江南) area in the late Ming Dynasty and the early Qing Dynasty period. The lay Buddhists who joined the compilation work were politicians (官僚) and gentries(紳士). They devoted their life for Confucian study. Most of them were from Jiangnan area and they had considerable financial and political powers. The reason they converted themselves to Buddhism in the late Ming Dynasty period was because of social problems such as increasing contradictions in the society, dispossession of land by landlords, and eunuch's abuse of power. These problems were especially severe in Jiangnan(江南) area since the area had economic and commercial experiences from earlier times. Thus the local intellectuals were being introspective on Neo-Confucianism, the main ideology of the Ming Dynasty, and the doctrines of Wang Yangming(陽明學) was being popularized among them. Many Buddhist dignitaries asserted the need for the unification of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism at the time. The number of lay Buddhists increased in response to the assertion. Lay Buddhists and monks structured social network, and from that Tripitaka Jiaxing could be published. The Buddhist community was supported by lay Buddhists at that time. Therefore, the lay buddhist’s status became equal or higher compared to Buddhist monks. Their status in the Late Ming Dynasty became the background of the Revivalism of Buddhism which lay Buddhists took the lead in the Late Qing Dynasty.
Abstract
This article studies the relationship between Buddhism and lay Buddhists focused on Tripitaka Jiaxing(嘉興藏) published by civil area in the Late Ming Dynasty. The compilation work was led by Master Zibai(紫栢) and his disciples, Mizang(密藏) and Huanyu(幻余), and was supported by lay Buddhists (居士) in Jiangnan(江南) area in the late Ming Dynasty and the early Qing Dynasty period. The lay Buddhists who joined the compilation work were politicians (官僚) and gentries(紳士). They devoted their life for Confucian study. Most of them were from Jiangnan area and they had considerable financial and political powers. The reason they converted themselves to Buddhism in the late Ming Dynasty period was because of social problems such as increasing contradictions in the society, dispossession of land by landlords, and eunuch's abuse of power. These problems were especially severe in Jiangnan(江南) area since the area had economic and commercial experiences from earlier times. Thus the local intellectuals were being introspective on Neo-Confucianism, the main ideology of the Ming Dynasty, and the doctrines of Wang Yangming(陽明學) was being popularized among them. Many Buddhist dignitaries asserted the need for the unification of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism at the time. The number of lay Buddhists increased in response to the assertion. Lay Buddhists and monks structured social network, and from that Tripitaka Jiaxing could be published. The Buddhist community was supported by lay Buddhists at that time. Therefore, the lay buddhist’s status became equal or higher compared to Buddhist monks. Their status in the Late Ming Dynasty became the background of the Revivalism of Buddhism which lay Buddhists took the lead in the Late Qing Dynasty.
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