20세기 초 중국 미션계 병원의 토착화 - 경제적 자립에 대한 의료선교사의 동향을 중심으로 -
The Indigenization of the Mission Hospitals in the Early 20th Century in China: Focused on the View of Medical Missionaries Self - Support
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Abstract
本文主要论析关于教会医院经济独立的新教医疗传教士之论议及自立形态,并由此深度分析近代中国医疗传教事业之本土化。所谓本土化,可分为经济独立与自治运营。经济独立是指,医院运营资金由中国本土自行解决;自治运营是指,医院的运营由原来的西洋医疗传教士转为中国本土西医,而前者是本文重点讨论之对象。进入二十世纪以后,医疗传教事业步入了急速推进本土化的时代,本文亦主要研究这一时期。 教会医院如要经济独立,就首先要解决从中国本土筹资营运成本的问题,而为此亦出现了主张终止至今以来的免费医疗业务,施行收费制度的医疗传教士。这些人认为,通过收费制度,既能使医院得以经济独立,亦能使中国人了解到自己所享医疗服务的价值。对此,大部分医疗传教士持以肯定的态度,但为了维持教会医院“基督教慈善事业”的形象,最终选择了仅从可承受医疗费之部分人群收费的方案。 进入二十世纪20年代以后,由于国内外诸多危情,医疗传教事业之本土化亦迅猛发展,与此同时,教会医院中亦开始出现了无本国支援的经济独立的医院。然西洋医生及护士的工资,扔依赖于外国教会,而为了维持教会医院的性质,这在当时,被认为是一项非常有必要的制度。 那么当时的医疗传教士是怎样理解医疗传教事业的本土化的呢?对此,大部分医疗传教士持以肯定的态度,但同时也认为,中国教会必须先扩充资金规模,以及解决中国本土医生过于不足的问题。事实上,由于国内外的诸多原因,本土化进度远高于当时医疗传教士所想。医疗传教士对本土化持以谨慎态度,亦是因他们想在维持基督教慈善事业,这一性格的前提下推行本土化。此外,西洋医疗传教士想强调他们在中国医疗传教事业上的重要性,这一点也应是其原因之一。
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