발해의 가마(窯)에 대한 일고찰

Abstract

Kilns that produced pottery, tiles, bricks and porcelain using ground (or clay) were met in 11 Balhae sites. In total 20 kilns were excavated, materials from 19 of them are known. There were brick kilns, brick-tile kilns, tile kilns, pottery kilns and porcelain kilns among them. In tile kilns pottery could be produced too. In this article we review all kinds of Balhae earthenware kilns, except brick kiln, because it has not yet been investigated. Then we consider the nature of Balhae earthenware kilns and finally, the problem of their origin. Location of earthenware kilns is varied, for example, brick and tile kiln are located in low hill-side, tiled kilns on flat places, pottery kiln in slop of river bank etc. Brick-tile kilns and pottery kilns built into the hillside or slope of the river bank belong to cave type, tile and porcelain kilns to above-ground type. However, all kilns have horizontal structure with hearth, firing chamber, chimneys channel and pipe. Almost in all kilns firing chamber bottom is slightly inclined, that is, they are flat type kilns. There is usually one chimney channel and one pipe, and in brick and tiles kilns there are three chimney channels and pipes. But, in Kraskino fortress a tile kiln with two chimney channels and two pipes was investigated. Pipe is located mainly outside at the back of firing chamber, but as an exception in one pottery kiln and one tile kiln, which was partly destroyed and rebuilt for the second time, the pipe was located inside firing chamber. Brick and tile kilns were built of sun-dried earth bricks and baked bricks, tile kilns of stones and pottery kilns of earth. However, almost in all kilns stones were used for furnace and hearth. Chinese and Russian scientists consider that Balhae brick-tile kilns and tile kilns originate from Tang China tile kilns. But there is a big difference between kiln flues in Tang China and in Balhae. In Balhae brick and tile kilns there are three pipes connected to three flue duct openings and in Tang China tile kilns there are no pipes but there is one smoke chamber, connected with five flue duct openings. Balhae tile kilns are very differ from the Tang China ones by their structure and materials for construction also. On the other hand, horizontal Balhae kilns’ structure differs from Malgal ones, which have vertical structure, with furnace below, and the firing chamber above it. In contrast, the tile kilns of Sabi Baekje period are very similar with Balhae ones. Their location in hillside or slope of river bank, the flat type, the basic structure with fireplace, hearth, firing chamber, chimneys channel-openings and pipes, a step between the hearth and the firing chamber, the number and location of chimney channels, pipes are very similar. In addition, in Baekje tile kilns pottery vessels were produces, as it was in Balhae. In Baekje Sabi period stone kilns were found too, although they are not frequent. Consequently, the origin of Balhae brick and tile kilns and tile kilns would be found to tile kilns of Baekje Sabi period. Finally, Balhae tile kilns and pottery kilns with flue duct openings and pipes inside the firing chamber show a lot of unique elements that are not characteristic for kilns of another time and other areas.