英祖代 朝鮮人 범월사건 처리방침을 통해 본 朝鮮의 對淸 태도

Abstract

The word beomwol indicates that trespassing borders was considered a crime, and that Chosŏn and Qing both took it as a sensitive matter. Many argue that in the eighteenth century, border-trespassing issues were resolved smoothly and reasonably between Chosŏn and Qing. This argument is based on considering that Baekdusan National Boundary Monument indicates a modern concept of national boundary line, and that border-trespassing was a territory dispute between modern states of equal level. However, a border-trespass is a diplomatic issue which occurs after territories and borders are all discussed and set. This paper aims to focus on Chosŏn’s diplomatic attitude towards Qing in King Yongjo’s reigm(1724~1766), through discussing sentences for the Korean border-trespassers. Emperor Yongzheng, enforced stricter rules for Chosŏn’s border trespassing cases. Although he seemed to give chances, eventually he did not give Chosŏn any option to determine. King Yongjo had no choice but to follow this rule: Emperor Yongzheng deeply intervened with Chosŏn’s judgments, and King Yongjo could not find any way to become free from his authority. On 1735, with the newly throned Emperor Qianlong declaring amnesty in a large scale, King Yongjo also started to lower penalties for Chosŏn’s border-trespassers. However, Chosŏn kept enforcing overly harsh punishments every time when the Emperor’s intervention deepened threateningly. Plus, Chosŏn also tried to concealed these cases. Because she was afraid of Qing, Chosŏn had to try these actions when she think she was cornered. This paper focuses mainly on border-trespassing cases and how Chosŏn and Qing’s position in punishing the issue kept changing for half a century. The sentences for punishment changed over time, but the essence of how Chosŏn perceived Qing did not; Chosŏn had to be aware of Qing’s intentions, whether they wanted to or not. Chosŏn could not implement its own decisions even when Qing was not involved. In cases which both states were involved, such as border-trespassing, Chosŏn could not take the leadership in settling the case. Rather, Chosŏn was always anxious about Qing’s perspective, and had no choice but to read Qing’s intentions well. Constant vigilance was needed to Chosŏn even King Yongjo’s reign in eighteenth century.