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明 洪武帝의 동남아시아 외교 수립과 北元

The Northern Yuan’s Presence and Southeast Asian Diplomacy in the Early Ming period

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명청사학회 (The Society For Ming-Qing Historical Studies)|2023.04|명청사연구 (Journal of Ming-Qing Historical Studies)|제59호|pp. 1-37

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키워드

동남아시아洪武帝안남安南북원홍무제稱臣北元東南亞조와섬라칭신금엽표문暹羅爪哇金葉表文
주제분류역사학

초록

This article started with the hypothesis that the emperor Hongwu's motivation to establish diplomatic relations with various countries in Southeast Asia was to gain an upper hand in competition with the North Yuan. Other countries except Annam did not seem to be very important to the Ming Dynasty. However, the emperor Hongwu and the Ming Court actively moved to establish diplomatic relations with the countries. At the time, the emperor and the Ming dynasty required many countries in Southeast Asia to be called vassals, and they submitted the Gold-leaf vassal documents. However, this was a completely different document that had nothing to do with the format prescribed by the Ming court. The emperor Hongwu said that all countries were treated equally, but the diplomatic procedures were different. And the diplomatic procedures and attitudes implemented by the Ming court and the emperor were also different from country to country. And over time, the emperor and the Ming court wanted to organize the number of envoys coming to the Ming Dynasty. The emperor said several times that he wanted them to visit once every three years or once a generation, but they didn't listen. Over time, the emperor's interest in Southeast Asian countries decreased. This was related to the decline in the influence of the Northern Yuan. In 1397, the emperor and the Ming Court did not attempt to send envoys directly to the Majapahit Kingdom or the Sriwijaya Kingdom. This shows that diplomatic relations with Southeast Asia established in the 1370s have changed. Moreover, they did not know that the Kingdom of Sriwijaya had already disappeared.

Abstract

This article started with the hypothesis that the emperor Hongwu's motivation to establish diplomatic relations with various countries in Southeast Asia was to gain an upper hand in competition with the North Yuan. Other countries except Annam did not seem to be very important to the Ming Dynasty. However, the emperor Hongwu and the Ming Court actively moved to establish diplomatic relations with the countries. At the time, the emperor and the Ming dynasty required many countries in Southeast Asia to be called vassals, and they submitted the Gold-leaf vassal documents. However, this was a completely different document that had nothing to do with the format prescribed by the Ming court. The emperor Hongwu said that all countries were treated equally, but the diplomatic procedures were different. And the diplomatic procedures and attitudes implemented by the Ming court and the emperor were also different from country to country. And over time, the emperor and the Ming court wanted to organize the number of envoys coming to the Ming Dynasty. The emperor said several times that he wanted them to visit once every three years or once a generation, but they didn't listen. Over time, the emperor's interest in Southeast Asian countries decreased. This was related to the decline in the influence of the Northern Yuan. In 1397, the emperor and the Ming Court did not attempt to send envoys directly to the Majapahit Kingdom or the Sriwijaya Kingdom. This shows that diplomatic relations with Southeast Asia established in the 1370s have changed. Moreover, they did not know that the Kingdom of Sriwijaya had already disappeared.

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