20세기 대학연구의 상업화와 지적재산권 제도의 변화
The Commercialization of Academic Research in the Context of Shifting Intellectual Property Regimes in the Twentieth Century
0
조회
0
다운로드
2
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
This article chronicles key shifts in intellectual property regimes in the twentieth centuryas they related to the commercialization of academic research. The institutionalization andgrowth of scientific research in the research university in the twentieth century and the increasingawareness of its potential to promote technology innovation and economic growth posited an importantquestion of the ownership of knowledge created in the academic setting, where knowledge wastraditionally regarded as a common property among academic researchers. This paper shows theownership of academic knowledge emerged as a key public policy and legal issue in the latter halfof the twentieth century for academic researchers and government officials who pursue the commercializationof academic knowledge for private gain and public benefit. The resulting institutionalizationof patent management in the research university and shifts in federal patent policy inturn opened a new legal avenue for the establishment of the private ownership of academic knowledgeand the expansion of intellectual property rights in academia, especially in the area of biologicaland biomedical research. Reflecting upon historical shifts in intellectual property regimesin the twentieth century, this paper suggests recent controversies regarding ownership of biologicalknowledge and profit sharing in developing counties are linked to critical issues pertinent tothe welfare of indigenous population, utilization of new natural resources, and sustainable developmentfor humanity.
Abstract
This article chronicles key shifts in intellectual property regimes in the twentieth centuryas they related to the commercialization of academic research. The institutionalization andgrowth of scientific research in the research university in the twentieth century and the increasingawareness of its potential to promote technology innovation and economic growth posited an importantquestion of the ownership of knowledge created in the academic setting, where knowledge wastraditionally regarded as a common property among academic researchers. This paper shows theownership of academic knowledge emerged as a key public policy and legal issue in the latter halfof the twentieth century for academic researchers and government officials who pursue the commercializationof academic knowledge for private gain and public benefit. The resulting institutionalizationof patent management in the research university and shifts in federal patent policy inturn opened a new legal avenue for the establishment of the private ownership of academic knowledgeand the expansion of intellectual property rights in academia, especially in the area of biologicaland biomedical research. Reflecting upon historical shifts in intellectual property regimesin the twentieth century, this paper suggests recent controversies regarding ownership of biologicalknowledge and profit sharing in developing counties are linked to critical issues pertinent tothe welfare of indigenous population, utilization of new natural resources, and sustainable developmentfor humanity.
참고문헌 (55)
- Apple RD, "Patenting University Research : Harry Steenbock and the Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation", Isis, 80, pp.375~394 (1989)
- Arrow KJ., "Science Bought and Sold: Essays in the Economics of Science", pp.165~180 (2002), The University of Chicago Press
- Ben-Atar D., "Trade Secrets: Intellectual Piracy and the Origins of American Industrial Power" (2004), Yale University Press
- Berman EP., "Why Did Universities Start Patenting? Institution-Building and the Road to the Bayh-Dole Act", Soc. Stud. Sci, 38, pp.835~871 (2008)
- Berman EP., "Creating the Market University: How Academic Science Became an Economic Engine" (2012), Princeton University Press
- Biagioli M., "Making and Unmaking Intellectual Property: Creative Production in Legal and Cultural Perspective", pp.25~40 (2011), University of Chicago Press
- Establishing Research Corporation:A Case Study of Patents, Philanthropy, and Organized Research in Early Twentieth-Century America, "Cornell TD", Research Corp, ~ (2004)
- de Chadarevian S, "The Making of an Entrepreneurial Science Biotechnology in Britain, 1975-1995", Isis, 102, pp.601~633 (2011)
- Edgerton D., "The Science-Industry Nexus", pp.31~57 (2004), Science History Publications
- Eisenberg RS., "Public Research and Private Development:Patents and Technology Transfer in Government-Sponsored Research", Virginia Law Rev, 82, pp.1663~1727 (1996)
- Etzkowitz H., "MIT and the Rise of Entrepreneurial Science" (2002), Routledge
- Fish C., "Removing the ‘Fuel of Interest’ from the ‘Fire of Genius’: Law and the Employee Inventor, 1830-1930", University of Chicago Law Rev, 65, pp.1127~1198 (1998)
- Geiger RL., "Research and Relevant Knowledge: American Research Universities since World War II" (1993), Oxford University Press
- Guston DH, "The Fragile Contract:University Science and the Federal Government", pp.1~42 (1994), MIT Press
- Hardin G, "The Tragedy of the Commons", Science, 162, pp.1243~1248 (1968)
- Hayden C., "When Nature Goes Public: The Making and Unmaking of Bioprospecting in Mexico" (2003), Princeton University Press
- Hesse C, "The Rise of Intellectual Property, 700 B.C.-A.D. 2000: An Idea in the Balance", Daedalus, 131, pp.26~45 (2002)
- Hounshell D., "Engines of Innovation", pp.13~85 (1996), Harvard Business School Press
- Hughes SS., "Genentech: The Beginnings of Biotech" (2011), University of Chicago Press
- Jacobs S, "The Genesis of ‘Scientific Community.’ Social Epistemology: A J. Knowl", Cult. Policy, 16, pp.157~168 (2001)
- Johns A., "Intellectual Property and the Nature of Science", Cult. Stud, 20, pp.145~164 (2006)
- Kenney M., "Biotechnology: The University-Industrial Complex" (1986), Yale University Press
- Kerr C., "The Uses of the University" (1963), Harvard University Press
- Kevles DJ, "The National Science Foundation and the Debate over Postwar Research Policy, 1942-1945: A Political Interpretation of Science--the Endless Frontier", Isis, 68, pp.5~26 (1977)
- Kevles DJ., "Ananda Chakrabarty Wins a Patent: Biotechnology, Law and Society, 1972-1980", His. Stu. Phy. Bio. Sci, 25, pp.111~135 (1994)
- Kleinman DL, "Science, Capitalism, and the Rise of the “Knowledge Worker”: The Changing Structure of Knowledge Production in the United States", Theor. Soc, 30, pp.451~492 (2001)
- Latker NJ, "Utilization of Government-Owned Health and Welfare Inventions", J Patent Off Soc, 47, pp.868~879 (1965)
- Mackenzie M, "The Commercial Application of a Scientific Discovery: The Case of the Hybridoma Technique", Res. Policy, 17, pp.155~170 (1988)
- Mirowski P, "The Handbook of Science and Technology Studies", pp.638~689 (2008), MIT Press
- Mokyr J., "The Gifts of Athena: Historical Origins of the Knowledge Economy" (2002), Princeton University Press
- Mowery DC, "Patenting and Licensing University Inventions: Lessons from the History of the Research Corporation", Indust. Corp. Change, 10, pp.317~355 (2001)
- Mowery DC, "University Patents and Patent Policy Debates in the USA, 1925-1980", Ind. Corp. Change, 10, pp.781~814 (2001)
- Mowery DC, "Ivory Tower and Industrial Innovation: University-Industry Technology Transfer Before and After the Bayh-Dole Act in the United States" (2004), Stanford University Press
- Nash GH, "Conservative Intellectual Movement in America since 1945" (1976), Basic Books
- Nelson R., "The Market Economy and the Scientific Commons", Res. Policy, 33, pp.455~471 (2004)
- Polanyi M., "Patent Reform", Rev. Eco. Stu, 11, pp.61~76 (1944)
- Reich LS., "Research Patents, and the Struggle to Control Radio: A Study of Big Business and the Uses of Industrial Research", Bus. Hist. Rev, 51, pp.208~235 (1977)
- Reimers N., "Tiger by the Tail", Chemtech, 17, pp.464~471 (1987)
- Reingold N., "Science and Government in the United-States since 1945", Hist. Sci, 32, pp.361~386 (1994)
- Robbins-Roth C., "From Alchemy to IPO: The Business of Biotechnology" (2000), Perseus Publishing
- Sandelin J., "Association of University Technology Managers: 30 Years of Innovation", pp.4~11 (2004), Association of University Technology Managers
- Sandelin J., "A History of the Association of University Technology Managers", Document Courtesy of Jon Sandelin, ~ (2005)
- Saxenian AL., "Regional Advantage: Culture and Competition in Silicon Valley and Route 128" (1994), Harvard University Press
- Seville C., "The Internationalization of Copyright Law:Books, Buccaneers and the Black Flag in the Nineteenth Century" (2006), Cambridge University Press
- Sherman B, "The Making of Modern Intellectual Property Law: The British Experience", 1760~1911 (1999)
- Smith JK, "The Scientific Tradition in American Industrial Research", Technol. Cult, 31, pp.121~131 (1990), Cambridge University Press
- Smith MA., "The Right Talk: How Conservatives Transformed the Great Society into the Economic Society" (2007), Princeton University Press
- Stokes DE., "Pasteur’s Quadrant: Basic Science and Technological Innovation" (1997), Brookings Institution Press
- Tansey EM, "Wellcome Witnesses to Twentieth Century Medicine: Technology Transfer in Britain:The Case of Monoclonal Antibodies" (1997), The Wellcome Trust
- Teles SM., "The Rise of the Conservative Legal Movement:The Battle for Control of the Law" (2008), Princeton University Press
- van Overtveldt J., "The Chicago School: How the University of Chicago Assembled the Thinkers Who Revoluztionized Economics and Business" (2007), B2 Books
- Woodmansee M., "The Genius and the Copyright: Economic and Legal Conditions of the Emergence of the Author", Eighteen-Century Studies, 17, pp.425~448 (1984)
- Yi D, "The Scientific Commons in the Marketplace: The Industrialization of Biomedical Materials at the New England Enzyme Center, 1963-1980", Hist. Technol, 25, pp.67~85 (2009)
- Yi D, "Who Owns What? Private Ownership and the Public Interest in the Recombinant Technology in the 1970", Isis, 102, pp.446~474 (2011)
- 이두갑, "유전자와 생명의 사유화, 그리고 반공유재의 비극: 미국의 BRCA 인간유전자 특허 논쟁", 과학기술학연구, 12(1), pp.1~43 (2012), 한국과학기술학회[DOI]