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정보 요약의 과정 및 원리 탐구: 최우수 학습자들의 노트 필기 전략 분석을 중심으로

Exploring the Process and Principles of Summarization by Investigating the Note-Taking Strategies of the Best Performing College Students

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참고문헌

키워드

주제분류교육학

초록

정보요약은 디지털 사회에서 중요한 생존전략이 된다. 교육영역에서 학습내용을 요약하는 것의 중요성은 학습 및 교수 이론에서 오랫동안 강조되어 오고 있다. 특히 최근에는 스마트 폰과 같은 작은 스크린을 이용한 학습이 증가하면서 학습내용을 보다 분명하게 간략화 하는 방법의 중요성은 증폭되었다. 그러나 기존의 문헌들은 교수자의 입장에서 요약의 중요성을 선언적으로 언급할 뿐, 학습자가 거치게 되는 요약의 과정 및 원리에 대해 실증적으로 분석하고 있지는 않다. 만약 요약을 잘 수행하는 학습자들이 사용하는 요약의 원리와 과정을 알 수 있다면 타 학습자들뿐만 아니라 교수자와 교수설계자 모두에게 중요한 이론적 실천적 의미를 가질 것이다. 본 연구는 최우수 학습자들이 학습의 과정에서 보여주는 정보 요약의 전략을 관찰하여 정보요약이 어떤 목적으로 행해지고, 그 원리는 무엇이며 어떠한 절차를 거쳐 행해지는지 이해할 목적으로 수행되었다. 연구 참여자로는 정보요약을 잘 하는 것으로 알려진 국내 S대 최우수 학습자 6명이었으며, 이들을 심층 면담한 후, 질적 자료 분석을 실시하였다. 연구결과, 이들이 요약을 하는 주요목적은 전체적, 체계적 ‘이해’를 하는 것과 학습한 내용을 유연하게 ‘활용’할 수 있게 하는 것이었다. 선행문헌들이 중시하던 ‘기억증진’ 이라는 목적은 부차적인 것으로 나타났다. 요약의 과정은 ‘전체 흐름 파악→전체 구조 확정→목차 만들기(구조 정교화)→세부 내용 선별↔내용 연결고리 강화(내용 정교화)↔이해, 연결 점검→키워드, 중요 예시, 시각화 자료 정리’의 과정을 거치는 것으로 나타났다. 요약의 과정 및 원리를 통해 중요하게 다루어지는 주요개념으로 ‘체계화’, ‘정교화’, ‘시각화’ 등이 있었다. 본 연구에서는 이들을 통해서 본 요약의 목적, 과정, 원리에 대해 선행연구와의 차이점을 중심으로 논의하였다. 마지막으로 교수설계에의 시사점이 논의되고 후속 연구가 제안되었다.

Abstract

Summarization is known to be an efficient tool for teaching and learning. As it provides learners with opportunities for approaching contents from different perspectives, summarization virtually leads to better comprehension and longer retention of information. Most of the research on summarization emphasizes the significance of summarizing the acquired contents. However, there has not been much prescription on how to summarize at the end of learning, which does not provide learners with practical strategic guidelines. This research tries to explore the general process of summarization by investigating the way the highest performing students summarize their lecture notes. The central questions are the followings: 1) What are some general procedures of summarization?; 2) What are the principles of summarization? From forty five highest performing students, who maintained average GPAs of over 4.0 for two consecutive semesters at Seoul National University, six students were purposefully selected as research participants. The six students overtly expressed the importance of summarization activities in note-taking during the preliminary interview sessions. The interviews were conducted with heuristic task analysis questions in a semi-structured manner. In this paper, the collected data are analyzed through a generic coding process. For this, thematic segments are coded, where the codes are reduced and collapsed into themes. As a result, the processes of students' summarization are emerged in general stages and principles: the stages of overall review→global structure decision→structure elaboration→detail selection↔content elaboration↔comprehension and link check-up→keywords, significant examples and visual wrap-up. The principles for each stage are formulated while important themes, such as ‘system/structure,’ ‘elaboration,’ and ‘visualization,’ are discussed. Also, the objectives of summarization turned out to be ensuring the ‘holistic and systematic comprehension’ and ‘flexible application or utilization’ of the content. ‘Memorizing’―which had been reported as a main objective of summarizing in literatures―has turned out to be a by-product of deep comprehension. The authors conclude with the implications, limitations and directions for future research.

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