CISG 제79조와 Hardship : 최신 CISG 자문위원회 의견 제20호를 중심으로
CISG Article 79 and Hardship :Focusing on the CISG AC Opinion No. 20
0
조회
0
다운로드
4
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
이 논문에서 필자는 CISG의 대표적인 면책 조항인 제79조와 hardship의 관계에 대한CISG 자문위원회의 최근 의견인 제20호 의견을 자세히 검토하고 그 타당성에 대해 알아보았다. 이 작업을 위해 먼저 각국 국내법제와 국제통일규범상 발견되는 hardship 법리에 대해 알아보았고, 그 후 CISG 제79조에 대해 알아보았다. 특히 CISG 제79조의 ‘이행장애’라는 개념에 hardship이 포함되는 것인지의 여부는 입법 당시부터 문제가 되던 쟁점이었으나이에 대한 명확한 결론 없이 제79조가 제정되었다는 점과 그로 인해 현재까지도 논란이 계속되고 있음을 알아보았다. 이에 더하여 해당 쟁점에 대한 CISG 자문위원회 의견 제7호와제20호의 내용을 알아보았고, 특히 제20호 의견에 대해 비판적으로 살펴보았다. 제20호 의견은 문제가 되는 쟁점에 대해 상당히 명확한 결론을 제시한다. 즉, CISG 제79 조 상의 ‘이행장애’에는 hardship이 포함되며, hardship에 관련한 쟁점에 관해서 CISG 상의흠결은 없으므로 그 적용요건과 효과는 모두 전적으로 CISG, 특히 CISG 제79조 만을 적용하여 결정해야 한다는 것이다. 이러한 결론에 기초하여 제20호 의견은 CISG가 적용되는계약의 경우 hardship을 이유로 하여 계약 수정이나 재협상이라는 구제수단은 결코 허용 받을 수 없다는 결론을 피력한다. 제20호 의견은 CISG 제79조와 hardship의 관계에 대한 자문위원회의 공식 입장을 제7호의견에서보다 더욱 명확하게 발표하였다는 점에서 의미 있는 진술로 보이나 필자는 해당의견의 결론에 동의하기 어렵다. 특히 제20호 의견에서 언급하는 hardship은 해당 의견을미루어 보면 통상적으로 이해되는 hardship 개념과는 상당한 차이가 있는 개념으로 보이므로, 이 의견은 오히려 hardship에 관한 한 CISG에는 내부적으로 치유하기는 힘든 흠결이있다는 결론을 반증하는 것으로 보인다. 따라서 필자는 CISG에는 hardship에 관한 한 흠결이 존재하고, 그러한 흠결은 CISG 제7조 제2항 등에 근거하여 PICC hardship 조항 등을적용하여 해결하거나, 혹은 아예 CISG 개정을 통해 별도의 hardship 조항을 두어 해결하는것이 옳다고 결론지었고, 앞으로 CISG의 개정 논의가 있는 경우 이 점이 활발하게 논의되기를 희망하며 논문을 마무리 하였다.
Abstract
In this paper, I reviewed the latest official opinion of the CISG Advisory Council, Opinion No. 20, on the relationship between “Article 79” of the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods(“CISG”) and “hardship”. For this purpose, I first looked into the hardship doctrines found in domestic laws and international uniform laws. Then I looked into Article 79 of the CISG, focusing on its legislative history and also the academic discussions on its applicability to the hardship situations. In addition, the contents of Official Opinion No. 7 of the CISG Advisory Council was examined. Lastly, I reviewed and critically analyzed the Official Opinion No. 20 of the CISG Advisory Council. The Opinion No. 20 offers a fairly straightforward answers to the two problems often discussed: (1) whether Article 79 can be applied to hardship situation, or, put it in another way, whether the term “impediment” in Article 79 includes the concept of “(economic) hardship” and (2) if the term impediment includes the concept of hardship, then what remedies can be allowed to a party suffering from a hardship under Article 79. In summary, Opinion No. 20’s position is that Article 79 clearly applies to hardship situations and that the only remedy available for hardship under the CISG is that allowed under the article, that is, the exemption from the liability of damages. Opinion No. 20 is especially clear about its position that contract renegotiation or adaptation is not available remedy of hardship for the CISG contracts. Acknowledging the fact that Opinion No. 20 provided us with clear answers to the so far much debated issues, I found that it is difficult to agree with the conclusion of the Opinion. First, while the Opinion bases its conclusion that no gap exists regarding the remedies for the hardship in the CISG on the proposition that Article 79 applies to hardship, the very issue of the applicability of Article 79 to the hardship situation is still debatable. Secondly, Opinion No. 20 seems to overlook the evident fact that the concept of “hardship” developed under various hardship doctrines is inherently different from the concept of force majeure, which is essentially the same as the “impediment” of Article 79. In my opinion, what CISG Advisory Council actually wanted to claim in Opinion No. 20 was that they do not wish to allow hardship doctrine to be applied to the CISG contracts. Although the decision might be warranted in terms of policy, it must go through the revision of the CISG, not through its interpretation. Until the revision of the CISG clearly reflecting such policy, I believe the gaps can be seen in the CISG regarding the issues related to hardship, and that those can be cured according to Article 7(2) of the CISG or other relevant provisions.
참고문헌 (45)
- 김인호, "스마트 계약에 의한 국제거래의 관할과 준거법", 국제거래법연구, 28(1), pp.23~48 (2019), 국제거래법학회
- 박규용, "사정변경의 원칙과 행위기초론", 법학연구, (40), pp.85~109 (2010), 한국법학회
- 법무부, "국제물품매매계약에 관한 협약 해설", ~ (2005)
- 손경환, "국제계약상 사정변경의 원칙", 국제거래법연구, 23(1), pp.1~49 (2014), 국제거래법학회
- 송덕수, "사정변경의 원칙 대한민국에서의 모습", 민사법학, (85) (2018), 한국민사법학회
- Tuk-Soo SONG, "Beiträge zu aktuellen Fragen der Lehre von der Geschäftsgrundlage in dem koreanischen BGB", Ewha Law Journal, 23(1), pp.87~131 (2018), Ewha Legal Science Institute[DOI]
- 윤용석, "불가항력에 관한 일고찰", 재산법연구, 33(1), pp.139~162 (2016), 한국재산법학회
- 최경진, "“UNCITRAL 신원관리 및 신뢰서비스의 국제적 승인에 관한 규정안”에 대한 고찰", 국제거래법연구, 28(1), pp.69~90 (2019), 국제거래법학회
- Behn, Daniel, "The Confusing Legal Development Of Impossibility And Changed Circumstances:Towards A Better Understanding Of Contractual Adaptation At Common Law", Centre for Energy, Petroleum, and Mineral Law and Policy (CEPMLP) Annual Review, The University of Dundee, ~ (2009)
- Berger, Klaus Peter, "Force Majeure and Hardship in the Age of Corona: A Historical and Comparative Study", McGill J. Disp. Resol, 6 (2020)
- Berger, Klaus Peter, "The Creeping Codification of the New Lex Mercatoria" (2010), Kluwer Law International
- Brunner, Christoph, "Exemption for Non-performance in International Arbitration" (2009), Wolters Kluwer Law & Business
- Alejandro M. Garro, "CISG-AC Opinion No. 7, Exemption of Liability for Damages under Article 79 of the CISG", CISG-AC at its 11th meeting in Wuhan (2007)
- Dr. Edgardo Muñoz, "CISG-AC Opinion No. 20, Hardship under the CISG", CISG Advisory Council following its 27th meeting (2020)
- Farnsworth, Alan, "Perspective of Common Law Countries", La vendita internazionale 19 (1980)
- Ferrari, Franco, "International Sales Law - CISG, In a Nutshell" (2014), West Academic Publisher
- Flambouras, Dionysios, "Comparative Remarks on CISG Article 79 & PECL Articles 6: 111, 8:108", Guide to Article, ~ (2002)
- Flechtner, Harry M., "The Exemption Provisions of the Sales Convention Including Comments on Hardship Doctrine and the 19 June 2009 Decision of the Belgian Cassation Court", Belgrade Law Review, 59(3) (2011)
- Flechtner, Harry M., "Festschrift Für Ulrich Magnus. Zum 70" (2014), Sellier European Law Publishers
- Fucci, Frederick R., "Hardship and Changed Circumstances as Grounds for Adjustment or Non-Performance of Contracts Practical Considerations in International Infrastructure Investment and Finance", American Bar Association, Section of International Law, Spring Meeting (2006)
- Gordley, James, "Impossibility and Changed and Unforeseen Circumstances", American Journal of Comparative Law, 52 (2004)
- Hondius, Ewoud, "Unexpected circumstances in European contract law" (2011), Cambridge University Press
- Honnold, John O., "Documentary History of the Uniform Law for International Sales: the Studies, Deliberations, and Decisions that led to the 1980 United Nations Convention with Introductions and Explanations", Kluwer Law International (1989)
- Honnold, John O., "Uniform Law for International Sales" (1991), Kluwer Law International
- Honnold, John O., "Uniform Law for International Sales" (2009), Kluwer Law International
- Ishida, Yasutoshi, "CISG Article 79 : Exemption of Performance, and Adaptation of Contract through Interpretation of Reasonableness-Full of Sound and Fury, but Signifying Something", Pace International Law Review, 30(2) (2018)
- Lindström, Niklas, "Changed Circumstances and Hardship in the International Sale of Goods", Nordic Journal of Commercial Law, (1) (2006)
- Litvinoff, Saul, "Force Majeure, Failure of Cause and Theorie de L’Imprivision : Louisiana Law and Beyond", Louisiana Law Review, 46 (1985)
- Lookofsksy, Joseph, "Impediments and Hardship in International Sales : A Commentary on Catherine Kessedijian’s ‘Competing Approaches to Force Majeure and Hardship’", International Review of Law and Economics, 25 (2005)
- Lookofsksy, Joseph, "Law & Business" (2012), Wolters Kluwer
- Lorfing, Pascale Accaoui, "L’article 1195 du Code Civil français ou la révision pour imprévision en droit privé français à la lumière du droit comparé", IBLJ, 5 (2018)
- Mckendrick, Ewan, "Force Majeure and Frustration of Contract" (2013), CRC Press
- Ndulo, Muna, "The United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (Vienna, 1980)", Explanatory Documentation prepared for Commonwealth Jurisdictions-, ~ (1991)
- Nicholas, B., "International Sales: The United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods" (1984), Parker School of Foreign and Comparative Law, Columbia University
- Puelinckx, A. H., "Frustration, Hardship, Force Majeure, Imprévision, Wegfall der Geschäftsgrundlage, Unmöglichkeit, Changed Circumstances", J.Int’l Arb, 3(2) (1986)
- Rimke, Joern, "Review of the Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG) 1999-2000" (2001), Kluwer
- Rösler, Hannes, "Hardship in German Codified Private Law: In Comparative Perspective to English, French and International Contract Law", European Review of Private Law, 15 (2007)
- Schlechtriem, Peter, "Commentary on the UN Convention on the International Sale of Goods" (1998), Clarendon Press
- Schwenzer, Ingeborg, "Force Majeure and Hardship in International Sales Contracts", Victoria University Wellington Law Review, 39 (2008)
- Thier, Andreas, "Unexpected circumstances in European contract law" (2011), Cambridge University Press
- Uriber, Rodrigo Momberg, "Change Of Circumstances In International Instruments Of Contract Law : The Approach Of The CISG, PICC, PECL And DCFR", European Review Of Private Law, 479 (2011)
- Uribe, Rodrigo Momberg, "The Effect of a Change of Circumstances on the Binding Force of Contracts Comparative perspectives", Doctoral, pp.2011
- , U.N. Conference on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods, Final Act (1980)
- Veneziano, A., "UNIDROIT Principles and CISG : Change of Circumstances and Duty to Renegotiate according to the Belgium Supreme Court", Uniform Law Review, 15 (2010)
- Zweigert Konrad, "Introduction to Comparative Law" (1998), Oxford Clarendon Press