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국제경제협정에서 ‘비차별 원칙’의 공식적 포기인가? －‘공급망 재편’ 논의의 법적 함의－

Shedding the Non-Discrimination Principle in International Economic Governance? －Legal Implications of the Global Supply Chain Reformulation－

이재민
국제거래법학회 (Korea International Trade Law Association)|2023.12|국제거래법연구 (Korean Forum on International Trade and Business Law)|제32권 제2호|pp. 93-138|DOI 10.23068/KJITBL.2023.12.32.2.93

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국가안보SemiconductorsSupply Chain공급망반도체경제안보공급망 재편National SecurityMultilateralismEconomic Security다자주의 체제미중 분쟁Supply Chain ReformulationU.S.-China Disputes
주제분류법학

초록

최근 활발히 진행되는 공급망 재편은 국제경제 체제의 기본 골격에 대한 중요한 변화를 의미한다. 특히 공급망 재편은 본질적으로 ‘차별성’을 전제하고 있어 그간 국제경제협정의 핵심 원칙으로 자리잡아 온 비차별 원칙에 대한 중대한 도전을 의미한다. 또한 주요국들이 공개적으로 공급망 재편을 추진하고 있다는 점에서 비차별 원칙에 대한 공식적 포기로 볼 여지도 없지 않다. 이러한 상황은 기존 협정에 대한 저촉 내지 위반 문제를 어떻게 관리하며, 동시에 새로운 협정을 어떻게 도입할 것인지, 그리고 앞으로 양자간 관계를 어떻게 이끌어 갈 것인지에 대한 다양한 법적 과제를 제시한다. 지금 전개되는 공급망 재편 문제를 살펴봄에 있어서는 이러한 법적 함의를 인식하고 관련 논의를 전개해야 한다. 그간의 공급망 재편 논의에서는 이러한 법적 접근은 거의 이루어지지 않았다. 주요 부품 및 소재의 안정적 확보에 대한 경제적, 산업적 측면에서의 검토가 주를 이루었다. 이러한 검토가 중요하나 법적 사고와 분석을 수반하지 않는다면 결국 사안별, 산업별, 기업별 일회적 대응에 그칠 수밖에 없다. 기존 국제경제협정 하에서 최대한 정당성을 확보하고 나아가 새로운 국제경제협정의 올바른 방향성을 모색하기 위해서는 이러한 법적 분석과 검토가 필수적이다. 앞으로의 공급망 재편 논의는 체계적이고 면밀한 법적 평가의 토대 위에서 진행되어야 한다.

Abstract

Global supply chain reformulation or adjustment has become one of the pressing topics of the global community at the moment. It is an important national agenda for many countries, and various ‘legitimate’ policy objectives are involved in this process. Considering that states and their governments will continue to face a wide range of diverse emergencies in their international relations, this new trend of supply chain reformulation is likely to persist in the foreseeable future. As the supply chain reformulation is based on the notion that only a few like-minded states are selected to participate and only their corporations are permitted to join, it is discriminatory in principle and selective at its core. This trait of the supply chain reformulation implies that the long-cherished ‘non-discrimination’ principle of the international economic agreements is now perhaps standing on the verge of being discarded as a matter of policy. The fact that even the governments of key states are proclaiming supply chain reformulation publicly, it would amount to an ‘official’ or ‘semi-official’ abandonment of the cherished key principle of trade agreements and investment agreements. That being said, however, current debates and discussions on supply chains have hardly addressed legal issues or legal implications other than an assertion that any reformulation would be justified by national security exceptions. Noting that the supply chain reformulation currently being underway has the potential of discarding one of the cardinal principles of the existing international economic agreements and indicating a new course of direction for a future governance of the international economic regime, it is imperative that the international community undertake requisite legal analyses of the current supply chain discourse. For instance, how to institutionalize the ‘dual’ supply chains (i.e., one for the ordinary items and the other for core items subject to new supply chains) is a key task for a future endeavor. How to define supply chains to be targeted and core items to be included in the new supply chains so targeted is another pending task as well. Ensuring discussions and consensus building among participating governments and companies on an on-going basis is another issue to be addressed. Settling disputes in a flexible and creative manner by reflecting the amorphous and politically sensitive nature of the global supply chain reformulation is yet another task to be taken up. These discussions on legal issues and adequate preparation on legal aspects will help the global community seek supply chain reformulation in a sustainable and predictable manner.

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