고려전기 文散階의 실제 운영－ 開府儀同三司와 特進을 중심으로 －

Abstract

This study focuses on the official post and social status of persons who were appointed Teukjin and Gaebueuidongsamsa, the highest civil positions during the early Goryeo Dynasty. The official posts of those who got Teukjin and Gaebueuidongsamsa were the chief offices, including Munhasijung, Jungseoryeong, Sangseoryeong, Muhasirangpyeongjangsa, Jungseosirangpyeongjangsa and Chamjijeongsa. Even though there were some exceptions, the two positions were usually given to the royal family and chief ministers. Among the royal family members who got Teukjin and Gaebueuidongsamsa were princes, their sons and their grandsons. When a prince was invested with a duck or marquis, he would either be given the position of Teukjin and eventually appointed Sagong or Sado, or given the position of Gaebueuidongsamsa to become Jungseoryeong or Sangseoryeong. When a son or grandson of a prince got married to a princess, he was appointed count and was given the position of Teukjin. Afterwards, when promoted, he was given the position of Gaebueuidongsamsa. Thus, the royal members who received the positions of Teukjin and Gaebueuidongsamsa were princes and husbands of princesses. When a chief minister was invested with the title of viscount or higher, he was given Teukjin; when he was chosen as a meritorious vassal, he was given the position of Gaebueuidongsamsa. The civil office of the chief minister was Geumjagwangnokdaebu. Because an official with merit and one without merit, or a person with a noble title and one without it, could not share the same rank within the civil hierarchical system, Gaebueuidongsamsa was given to a chief minister with merit to distinguish him from those without merit, and Teukjin was given to a chief minister deserving a noble title to distinguish him from other ministers. This explains why a minister would be appointed Teukjin or Gaebueuidongsamsa in addition to Geumjagwangnokdaebu. During the Goryeo age, merit or a title of nobility was given to an official; if a person did not previously have an official post, he would be given one in addition to the merit or title of nobility. The official post corresponded to the civil hierarchical system. Therefore, when merit or a title of nobility was given to a person, a civil office corresponding to the rank was given to him, too. As the title of nobility and merit were offered as a reward for accomplishments, Teukjin and Gaebueuidongsamsa awarded with the title and merit should have an honorable character. Furthermore, as the official post was given to royal members when the title of nobility and merit were awarded to them, the royal family was also included in the civil hierarchical system.