북한산에 건립된 사찰의 시대별 추이와 특징

Abstract

This paper studied the changes and characteristics of temples built in Bukhansan Mountain from the Three Kingdoms period to the late Joseon Dynasty. The temples subject to relocation in the late Joseon Dynasty include Jangeusa, Seungga(Seunggagul), Jingwansa, Hyangnimsa, Jeokseoksa, Shinhyeolsa, Samcheonsa, Cheongnyangsa, and Munsusa. Among them, Jangeusa is the first temple built in Bukhansan Mountain and is considered the only temple built by the king for the restoration of his dead servant. For this reason, Jangeusa functioned as a national temple protected by the royal family not only in Goryeo but also in the early Joseon Dynasty. Most Bukhansan temples were built after the Goryeo Dynasty. It was usually a temple related to King Hyeonjong. Representative temples were Jangeusa, Seungsa, Sinhyeolsa, and Hyangrimsa. After King Hyeonjong, when his sons Jeongjong, Munjong, and his immediate ancestors Seonjong, Sukjong, Yejong, Injong, and Uijong traveled to Nanjing, they visuted Seungga, Janguisa, Sinjeolsa, and Munjugul to hold a ritual or worship. In particular, Shinhyeonsae and Seungsa were places where rain rites were held. During the reign of King Yejong, temples changed from Gyojong(敎宗) to Seonjong(禪宗). However, after the military regime, the king's trip to Nanjing was suspended and they did not visit the Bukhansan temple. At the end of the Goryeo Dynasty, Bow(普雨) reconstructed Jungheungsae and continued the history of Bukhansan temples. In the early Joseon Dynasty, 10 temples were studied, including Jangeusa, Hyangnimsa, Jeokseoksa, Cheongryangsa, Jungheungsa, Seungga, Samcheonsa, Munsusa, Jingwansa, and Doseongsa, which were recorded in the Gyeonggi-do in Sejong Sillok Jiriji(世宗實錄地理志) and Dong-guk yeo-ji-seung-nam(東國輿地勝覽). Among these temples, Jangeusa, Seungga, and Jingwansa(Shinhyeonsa)were designated as defect-complementing temples and operated with the support of the royal family despite the policy of Restraining Buddhism in the early Joseon Dynasty. However, most temples disappeared as the policy of Restraining Buddhism were strengthened after King Seongjong. The temples that were founded in the late Joseon Dynasty were mostly military buddhist temples(僧營寺刹) related to the contraction of Bukhansanseong Fortress. These are 12 temples recorded in Bookhanji(北漢誌), including Munsusa, Jungheungsa, Yongamsa, Boguksa, Buwangsa, Wongaksa, Guknyeongsa, Sangunsa, Taegosa, Jinguksa, Bongseongsa, and Wonhyosa. However, these temples disappeared due to changes in the Buddhist priests, and most of the remaining temples disappeared after the Gabo Reform, when the Buddhist Monk Troops system completely disappeared. Nevertheless, the remaining temples were destroyed in the Great Flood in 1915 and 1925, and Sangunsa, Taegosa, and Buwangsa continued after liberation.