Analysis and Collective Actions for Rebuilding Kobe Maritime Cluster
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본 논문의 목적은 1990년 이후 쇠퇴 일로를 걷고 있는 일본 코베해사클러스터의 재건을 위하여 방법론을 제시하고자 함에 있다. 전통적인 해사산업도시인 코베는 해사산업의 공동화, 해사비즈니스의 도쿄일극 집중, 배후지역으로부터의 물동량 감소, 부산 및 상하이 등 인접국가 항만의 성장 등이 맞물려 해사산업의 규모가 축소되고 국제적인 해사도시라는 이미지도 약화되고 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 코베해사클러스터의 클러스터효과를 해사분야의 전문가를 대상으로 측정하고 또 재건을 위한 유효수단을 조사하였다. 조사 결과, 사업다양성, 정보획득의 용이성, 자원융통과 같은 클러스터효과는 낮은 수준이었다. 이러한 낮은 효과수준은 선도기업의 부재, 높은 진출입 장벽 등 클러스터구조에 기인하고 있다는 것이 드러났고 경쟁지역과 비교한 클러스터 성과도 낮게 나타난다는 것이 명확하게 드러났다. 코베해사클러스터의 경쟁력강화를 위한 방책으로는 첫째로 코베가 배양해 온 높은 수준의 해사관련 지식을 기반으로 한 지식기반해사클러스터의 구축을 통해 경쟁항만과 차별화를 이루어야 하고 두번째로는 코베와 오사카를 동일항만으로 통합하고 개발하여 규모의 경제를 달성하여야 한다는 안이 제시되었다.
Abstract
The objective of this paper is to apply the results obtained in several studies of the Kobe maritime cluster to its rebuilding. Since maritime industry hollowing out from Kobe and the heavy concentration of business functions in Tokyo was evident from the late 1980s. The falling cargo volume from the hinterland, severe competition with ports in neighboring countries, and head office migration to Tokyo have all led to negative effects for the Kobe maritime cluster, such as a downsizing maritime company aggregation, an eroded image as a maritime city and reduced transactions between local companies. Therefore, even though maritime clusters still exist in Kobe, cluster effects are being decreased by such things as a low (or zero) increase in local cargo volume and difficulties in contacting customers as result of opinion research into maritime specialists as follow. 1) Clustering effects of Kobe maritime cluster, such as business diversity, readiness of information acquisition, and resource utilization etc. are low level. 2) The low level of clustering effect is affected by the bad cluster structure, such as lack of leading companies, existence of entry and exit barriers. 3) Cluster performance of Kobe maritime cluster is influenced by low level of clustering effect. 4) Improving the clustering effect and forcing maritime cluster competitiveness requires various collective action programs. The first is to develop a knowledge based maritime cluster with a core of high level maritime knowledge. The second is to develop a single port cluster by integration of the ports of Kobe and Osaka. Key Words ; Maritime Cluster, Kobe, Rebuilding, Collective Actions
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