시장주의적 국가교육과정 거버넌스의 등장과 확산
Emergence and Distribution of Marketized National Curriculum Governance
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초록
연구목적: 1980년대부터 시작된 신자유주의적 세계화와 교육의 시장화의 확산은 현재 우리나라 국가교육과정의 방향성에도 영향을 미치고 있다. 본고는 이 문제를 국가교육과정 거버넌스에 대한 정책적 담론 분석의 차원에서 논의하기 위해, 그 출발점이었던 영국 국가교육과정을 중심으로 교육시장 거버넌스의 확산 과정과 그 정당성의 근거가 무엇이었는지를 분석하였다. 연구방법: 신자유주의의 발원지였던 영국의 국가교육과정 정책을 중심으로, 다음 세 가지 연구문제를 논의하였다. 첫째, 영국의 국가교육과정에 신자유주의적 이념이 도입되고 시장친화적으로 변화하게 된 과정과 핵심 원리는 무엇인가? 둘째, 영국의 국가-지역 교육과정의 역할분배의 방식은 무엇이고, 그로 인한 공적-사적 거버넌스는 어떤 한계를 갖고 있는가? 셋째, 영국의 신자유주의적 교육 거버넌스의 이념들이 다른 국가들의 국가교육과정 이념에 어떤 영향을 미쳤는가? 연구결과: 첫째, 영국의 국가교육과정은 세 번의 역사적 변천과정을 거쳐 국가교육과정의 방향성을 탈중심화, 시장주의 정책, 신공적 경영, 표준화 정책의 원리를 도입해온 것으로 분석되었다. 둘째, 영국은 지역자치제를 기반으로 학교교육과정을 인식하고 있고, 그에 따라 시장원리나 자율성을 강조하는 사적 거버넌스를 택했음을 알수 있었다. 셋째, 영국발 시장주의 교육과정 이념은 소비자 선택권(스웨덴), 수월성(미국), 교사자율성(뉴질랜드)를 강조하는 방향으로 확산되었음을 알 수 있었다. 논의 및 결론: 마지막으로 이와 같은 신자유주의적 교육시장화의 등장과 확산이 우리나라의 국가교육과정 거버넌스의 방향성에 어떤 시사점을 주고 있는지에 대해 논의하였다.
Abstract
Purpose: Neoliberal globalization has been spreading all over the world and the direction of national curriculum is also affected by the trends of neoliberalism and its logical successor, educational marketization. Considering this circumstances, this paper aimed to quest upon the origin of the neoliberal and marketized education and how it has been formulated, what rationales it rests on, and how it has been spread to other influential countries. Method & Results: Based on the academic consensus that neoliberal educational policies originates in England’s national curriculum, this paper discussed three seminal research questions: first, how has England’s national curriculum been developed? Second, what is the structure of the role allocation between national and local curricula and what dilemma of public vs. private governance does it encounter? Third, how did the neoliberal governance of national curriculum spread to other nations under what rationales for its validity? Having these conceptual frameworks, this paper analyzed the national curricula of Sweden, the United States, and New Zealand. Disscussion & Conclusion: This paper’s discussion may give some insights for understanding the origin and rationales of the neoliberal marketization of education and provoke critical inquiry on the directions of national curriculum reform in Korea.
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