미국 연방대법원의 인간 존엄성 보장에 관한 연구 -연방대법원 판결을 중심으로-
A Study on the Guarantee of Human Dignity in the Supreme Court of the United States - Focusing on Judgment in the Supreme Court -
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인간과 동물을 비교하여 가장 큰 차이점은 존엄성이라고 할 수 있다. 인간의 존엄성은포기할 수 없는 본질적인 요소이며, 인간본성의 실체적 핵심을 의미한다. 인류역사를 보면 인간의 존엄은 노예제도, 대량학살, 강제노동 등으로 침해받기도 하였지만, 존엄성 보호를 위한 노력도 다양하게 전개되었다. 이러한 노력을 국가의 의무로 구체적으로 규정한 것이 헌법이다. 헌법에 명문으로 규정한 이유는 인간은 존재만으로 가치가 있는 존재이며 존엄성 자체가 가치개념이라는 것을 확인하는 의미가 있다. 이를 통하여 헌법의 가치질서적 성격을 명확히 하였다고 볼 수 있다. 인간의 존엄은 객관적인 헌법원칙이며, 국가권력이나 제3자에 의하여 존엄성이 침해되거나 보호받지 못할 경우 침해의 배제나 적극적인 보호를 요구할 구체적인 성격도 가지고 있다. 국가는 이를 근거로 기본권 보호의무가 발생한다. 또한 인간의 존엄은 국가나 제3자에 의한 침해로부터 보호를 요청할 방어권적인 성격도 가지고 있다. 인간의 존엄을 우리 헌법은 제10조 단서에‘모든 국민은 인간으로서 존엄과 가치를 가지며’ 라고 명시적으로 규정하고 있지만, 미국 헌법은 명문의 규정이 없다. 이 때문에 미국에서 인간의 존엄과 국가의 의무에 관하여 연방대법원 판결을통하여 이를 확인하고 있다. 연방대법원은 동성애, 동성혼, 중절수술 등의 최근 사회에서이슈가 되고 있는 사회적 소수자의 권리를 제한하는 법률이 연방헌법에 위반되는지 여부에 관련된 판례에서 인간의 존엄성을 근거로 판단하고 있다. 본 논문에서 인간의 존엄에 대한 개념을 중심으로 연방대법원이 판결을 통하여 인정한 인간의 존엄의 전개에 대하여 검토하고자 한다.
Abstract
The biggest difference in comparing a human being and an animal can be considered to be dignity. Human dignity is an essential element, which cannot be abandoned, and implies the substantial core in human nature. Seeing the human history, the human dignity was ever violated by slavery, genocide, and forced labor. But even an effort to protect sanctity was variously developed. What specifically enacted this effort as the national obligation is the Constitution. A reason of having expressively stipulated in the Constitution has a meaning of confirming that a human being is existence of having value just with existing and that dignity itself is a concept of value. This can lead to being capable of considering that the character based on the value order in the Constitution was made clear. The human dignity is the objectively constitutional principle and also has a specific nature, which will request the infringement exclusion or the positive protection when sanctity is violated or fails to be protected by the state power or the third party. Based on this, the nation is created a duty to guarantee fundamental rights. In addition, the human dignity has even a character of a right to defend that will ask for the protection from the violation caused by the nation or thethird party. In terms of human dignity, our constitutional law is expressively stipulating in the condition of Article 10 with saying that 'all the people have dignity and value.' However, the U.S. Constitution has no substantive enactment. Because of this, America is being confirmed this through the judgment of the Supreme Court pertinent to the human dignity and the national obligation. The Supreme Court is judging on the basis of human dignity in a judicial precedent related to whether or not being violated the Federal Constitution by the legislation that restricts social minorities' rights, which are recently becoming the issues in society such as homosexuality, same-sex marriage, and artificial abortion. This study aims to examine about the development of human dignity that the Supreme Court acknowledged through the judgment focusing on a concept of human dignity.
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