고구려 수묘제守墓制 연구의 현황과 쟁점

Abstract

Many different kinds of opinions have been produced about the interpretation of the tomb guard system of Koguryo. First, the status of the tomb guardians has been debated whether they were a slave, a commoner, or a special statute labor which was not a slave but a lower status than a commoner. About kukyon 國烟 and kanyon 看烟, most scholars considered that kukyon were in charge and kanyon carried hard labor. Other different opinions existed about the detailed roles of kukyon and kanyon. More specifically, scholars argued that kukyon and kanyon could have come from different places and had different occupations. For an economical reason, kokyon could have been charged for the statute labor of only one person, kanyon for 10 persons. Other suggestions were that kukyon carried a tomb guardian role at kukgangsang, while kanyon was the reserve tomb guardians to support an expense from other regions or to wait their sequence and that kukyon was arranged at the Tomb of King Kwanggaeto and kanyon was placed in other royal tombs, etc. About yonhodu 烟戶頭 (head of the household), there are several different suggestions that it could have been hoju 戶主 (head of the household), chang 長(a magistrate), or a representative of 20 household of tomb guards. Other arguments were to see it as the head of kukyon household or the administrator. The opinions about the organization of the labor group of the tomb guard household are also varied. One group could have consisted of 11 households (1 kukyon and 10 kanyon) or 33 households(1 existing guardian households(gumin) kukyon + 10 kanyon + 2 newly coming hanye kukyon + 20 kanyon). As of the tomb guardians of the Stele of King Kwanggaeto, it is possible that all 330 households took care of the tomb, or guarded the whole royal tombs in Ji’an. Others suggested that they took care of only three royal tombs including the Tomb of King KWanggaeto, or only 30 kukyon household took in charge of the Tomb of King Kwanggaeto, etc. Besides, there have been debates on the meaning of chachak 差錯(the confusion and disorder of tomb guard household), the subject of the trade, and the time and the method of the modification of the tomb guard system. By the discovery of the Koguryo Stele in Ji’an, it had been expected that many questions would have been solved, but unfortunately, it actually resulted in deepening more perplexed issues. It was confirmed that during the reign of King Kwanggaeto, they constructed a stone stele on the tombs of the previous kings to prevent the disorder of the tomb guard household. However, other questions still remain unsolved and new issues about yonhodu emerged. The debate on the time of the construction of the Koguryo Stele in Ji’an and the Stele of King Kwanggaeto was intensified. Therefore, the tomb guard system of Koguryo will henceforth remain as more vigorous debate subject matter.