상좌불교권 동남아시아 국가들의 더딘 경제성장의 사회ㆍ문화적 원인에 대한 고찰: 1970년대까지의 상황을 중심으로
A Study on Some Sociocultural Reasons of Tardy Economic Growth of Southeast Asian Theravāda Buddhist Countries: With Special References to the Situation until the 1970s
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아시아의 경제를 논할 때 일반적으로 동북아시아와 동남아시아를 포함하는 동아시아가 20세기 후반에 큰 경제성장을 이룩했다고 본다. 그러나 싱가포르와 브루나이를 제외한 동남아시아 국가들은 1970년대까지의 경제성장에 있어서 한국,대만, 홍콩 등 동북아시아의 신흥공업국들에 비해 전반적으로 뒤처졌다. 그 원인은 토착 원주민들이 경제 활동에서 적극적이지 않았던 동남아시아의 전통적인 사회문화적 배경에서 찾을 수 있다. 전통적인 사회문화적 요인으로는 불교신앙의 영향과 ‘느슨한 사회구조의 체계’그리고 이와 연관된 소위 ‘어업 의존적’ 사회구조를 들 수 있다. 불교신앙의 영향과 관련하여 내세지향적이며 물질적 탐욕과 부의 축적을 경계하고 카르마에근거를 둔 운명결정론을 강조하는 불교신앙이 적어도 동남아시아 상좌불교 국가들의 농촌사회에서 토착 원주민들이 경제적 활동에 있어서 적극적인 자세를취하지 않도록 하는 부정적인 영향을 주었다고 본다. ‘느슨한 구조의 사회체계’와 ‘어업 의존적’ 사회의 개념과 관련하여서는 특히 동남아시아의 상좌불교권국가들에서 그 사회 구성원들이 보다 개인주의적인 사고방식과 활동 성향을 갖고 있기 때문에 집단적인 협동과 나아가서는 국가에 대한 정체성이 약하며 그에 따라 국가적 차원에서의 경제성장에 대한 열의가 상대적으로 적다고 본다.
Abstract
The discussion on the economy in Asia generally tends to lay stress on the great economic growth in East Asia comprising Northeast Asia and Southeast Asia. However, Southeast Asian states, excepting Singapore and Brunei, fell considerably behind some NICs in Northeast Asia, especially South Korea,Taiwan, and Hongkong, in economic growth at least until the 1970s. The tardiness in economic growth in especially Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, and Laos, the so-called Theravāda Buddhist countries in Southeast Asia, can be explained in terms of the traditional sociocultural background against which the region's indigenous peoples generally were not active in economic activity. As traditional sociocultural factors are suggested the influences of the Buddhist belief, the so-called ‘loosely structured social system,’ and the so-called ‘fishery-dependant’ social structure. As for the Buddhist factor, it is argued that the Buddhist belief based on the otherworldliness and fatalism which warn against material greed and even the accumulation of wealth has not encouraged indigenous Buddhist peasants to take up positive attitude in the economic life. Using the concepts of ‘loosely structured social system’ and ‘fishery-dependant’ social structure, it is suggested that the peoples in the Theravāda Buddhist countries who are more individualistic in the way of thinking and living are generally weak in collective cooperation and even in national identity so that they do not have so much enthusiasm for the economic development of their own country.
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