미디어를 통한 종교적 실천: 인도네시아 샤리아 디지털 경제를 중심으로
Mediated Religious Practice: Sharia Digital Economy in Indonesia
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미디어 기술의 발달은 세속적인 일상의 삶뿐만 아니라 일반적으로 성스러운 것으로 간주되는 종교의 영역에서도 많은 변화를 야기하고 있다. 서구 중심의 모더니즘적 인식에서 현대 종교가 사사화(privatization) 및 개인화(individualization)되면서 공적 영역에서 점차 사적 영역으로 축소되고 있는 것과는 대조적으로 무슬림 다수 국가에서 이슬람은 여전히 공적이고 제도적인 차원에서 공고하게 자리매김하고 있다. 서구의 세속화론(secularization theory)자들이 예측한 현대사회에서 종교의 역할 축소는 적어도 이슬람 세계에서는 유의미한 것이 아니다. 하지만 종교를 실천하는 방식에서는 세속화, 상업화, 그리고 서구화의 영향에서 이슬람도 자유로울 수 없다. 흥미로운 것은 현대화된 종교적 실천이 지역적 특수성에 따라 다양한 형태로 변형되고 있다는 것이다. 본 연구는 종교와 미디어의 관점에서 이슬람의 보수화와 현대화가 동시에 진행될 때 나타나는 사회적 변화를 인도네시아적인 맥락에서 고찰하고 있다. 우선, 종교와 미디어의 관계를 시대적 특징을 통해 살펴보고, 가장 최근에 주목받고 있는 ‘샤리아 디지털 경제’를 종교적 보수화, 디지털 기술의 발달, 이슬람 경제의 확산을 중심으로 분석한다. 궁극적으로는 샤리아 디지털 경제의 대표적 사례를 조사하고, 이를 바탕으로 종교적 보수화와 현대화, 세속화, 상업화가 함께 어우러진 인도네시아 이슬람의 혼종적인 특징을 고찰한다.
Abstract
Advances of media technology have brought about many changes not only in daily life but also in the realm of religion that is generally considered sacred. Islam is still firmly established on a public and institutional level in many Islamic countries, in contrast to the gradual privatization and individualization of religion in Western world. The secularization theory that the role of religion in modern society will shrink is not valid at least in the Islamic world. However, in the way religion is practiced, Islam cannot be free from the influence of secularization, commercialization, and westernization. What's interesting is that there are many differences in the way modernized Islam is practiced depending on regional context. The paper investigates social changes in the Indonesian context in which Islamic conservatism and modernization occur simultaneously through the relationship between religion and media. First of all, it examines the changing relationship between religion and media from period to period, and it focuses on the Sharia digital economy, which has been burgeoning in Indonesia, in terms of religious conservatism, advances of digital technology, and the growth of the Islamic economy. It analyzes the characteristics of the sharia digital economy by examining the case studies such as e-commerce marketplace platforms, super apps, and fintech. Finally, the findings from the study present the hybrid features of Indonesian Islam, which combines modernization, secularization and commercialization.
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