한국판 웩슬러지능검사의 상식 소검사의 성차 메타분석
Meta-analysis of Gender Difference in Performance on the Information Subtest of the Korean-Wechsler Intelligence Scale
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초록
많은 해외 연구들이 남성이 여성보다 웩슬러지능검사의 상식 소검사에서 우세하다고 하였다. 본 연구는 한국인도 상식 소검사에서 성차가 있는지를 메타분석적으로 살펴보았다. 한국판 웩슬러지능검사의 상식 소검사에서 성차가 어떠한지를 보고한 국내 논문들을 검색하여 수집하였다. 총 일곱 편의 연구가 수집되었으며, 이 연구들에 참여한 피검자는 총 4,344명(남성 2,120, 여성 2,224)이었다. 결과를 보면 한국 남성은 여성보다 상식 소검사에서 유의하게 우세하였다. 연령별로는 유아는 성차가 없고, 아동은 작은 크기(d = 0.22), 성인은 중간 크기였다(d = 0.55). 성인 남성의 상식 우세는 남성의 학력이 우세한 것과 부분적으로 관련되지만, 학력차와 무관한 부분이 더욱 컸다. 남성의 상식 우세는 문항이 남성의 지식이 더 우세한 분야로 알려진 역사, 지리, 자연, 과학에 편중된 것이 가장 중요한 원인으로 분석된다. 남성이 이 분야들의 지식에서 우세한 것은 전통적 성역할에 따른 관심 분야의 차이 및 진화심리학적 성차와 관련된 것으로 추정된다. 임상가들은 상식 소검사의 해석에서 문항의 성편향을 고려해야 하며, 차후의 검사 개정에서는 더욱 양성 평등적인 문항 구성을 고려할 필요가 있다.
Abstract
Foreign studies have repeatedly showed that males are superior to females on the Information subtest of Wechsler Intelligence Scale. The aim of this study was to investigate the sex difference in Korean men and women, using a meta-analytic approach. The meta-analysis involved 7 individual studies that reported sex difference in performance on the Information subtest. Collectively, these studies involved 4,344 participants (male 2,120, female, 2,224). The results showed that Korean men were significantly superior to Korean women on the Information subtest. Analyses of age effects showed that the sex difference was absent in preschool children, modest in size in children, and moderate in size in adults. Analyses of educational effects indicated that although the sex difference was attributable partially to greater years of education for men than for women, the larger part of it was unrelated to sex difference in education level. We suggest that the male superiority is related primarily to the fact that the information subtest consists mainly of items on history, geography, nature, and science, and males have more knowledge of these domains than females do. Gender difference in knowledge of these domains may stem from sex differences in both socio-structural roles and evolutionary-adapted behavior. We suggest that clinicians should take into account the sex bias in the Information subtest when evaluating intelligence and future construction of this subtest needs to balance between male- and female-superior knowledge domains.
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