Candi Borobudur revisited: A Cosmological Mountain for Mahayana Buddhist Pilgrims
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The aim of this paper is to revisit the symbolic and structural meanings of Candi Borobudur, a UNESCO cultural heritage in Central Java, Indonesia. The interpretations of Candi Borobudur are still diverse and consequently controversial since though Borobudur has been regarded as a significant ancient cultural heritage, the amount of data available for analysis is fairly limited. The first possible interpretation is that Candi Borobudur was a royal tomb, enshrining the ashes of the burnt corpses of kings. The second possible interpretation is that Candi Borobudur was a temple, related to the dead who were famed for virtue during their lifetimes. The third assumption is that Candi Borobudur is a ‘mandala’. The other assumption is that Candi Borobudur was a big stupa. However, it seems that while some of the interpretations sound rather plausible and convincing, each approach has defects. The paper therefore revisits the symbolic and structural meanings of Candi Borobudur. Having said the symbolic and structural implications of Candi Borobudur, in conclusion, the paper argues that Candi Borobudur is a cosmological mountain for Mahayana Buddhist pilgrims.
Abstract
The aim of this paper is to revisit the symbolic and structural meanings of Candi Borobudur, a UNESCO cultural heritage in Central Java, Indonesia. The interpretations of Candi Borobudur are still diverse and consequently controversial since though Borobudur has been regarded as a significant ancient cultural heritage, the amount of data available for analysis is fairly limited. The first possible interpretation is that Candi Borobudur was a royal tomb, enshrining the ashes of the burnt corpses of kings. The second possible interpretation is that Candi Borobudur was a temple, related to the dead who were famed for virtue during their lifetimes. The third assumption is that Candi Borobudur is a ‘mandala’. The other assumption is that Candi Borobudur was a big stupa. However, it seems that while some of the interpretations sound rather plausible and convincing, each approach has defects. The paper therefore revisits the symbolic and structural meanings of Candi Borobudur. Having said the symbolic and structural implications of Candi Borobudur, in conclusion, the paper argues that Candi Borobudur is a cosmological mountain for Mahayana Buddhist pilgrims.
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